If it's using the same as your Windows configuration, you should be able to find it like this (untested, as I don't have a Windows server):
<?php
    $proxyServerString = shell_exec('reg query "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings" | find /i "proxyserver"');
    $proxyServerString = trim($proxyServerString);
    /*
        $proxyServerString should be 'ProxyServer    REG_SZ    http=127.0.0.1:8888;https=127.0.0.1:8888'
    */
    preg_match("/ProxyServer *REG_SZ *(.*)/i", $proxyServerString, $match);
    /*
        $match[1] will be something like 'http=127.0.0.1:8888;https=127.0.0.1:8888'
    */
    $proxyServersTemp = explode(";", $match[1]);
    $proxyServers = array();
    foreach ($proxyServersTemp as $proxyServerTemp) {
        preg_match("/^(.*?)=(.*?):(.*?)$/", $proxyServerTemp, $proxyMatch);
        $proxyServers[] = array(
            "protocol" => $proxyMatch[1],
            "address" => $proxyMatch[2],
            "port" => $proxyMatch[3]
        );
    }
    print_r($proxyServers);
?>
$proxyServers should now contain something like the following:
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [protocol] => http
            [address] => 127.0.0.1
            [port] => 8888
        )
    [1] => Array
        (
            [protocol] => https
            [address] => 127.0.0.1
            [port] => 8888
        )
)