For Android API 24 and above, you can use this:
val components = arrayOf(ComponentName(applicationContext, YourActivity::class.java))
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) 
   startActivity(Intent.createChooser(intent, null).putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EXCLUDE_COMPONENTS,components))
For the rest, you can have this solution I wrote about (which allows you to have a condition which to exclude
Here's a more generalized solution, to be able to choose which to exclude for all Android versions:
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
        val targetIntent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND)
        targetIntent.type = "text/plain"
        targetIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "subject")
        targetIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "text")
        val excludedAppsPackageNames = hashSetOf( "com.pushbullet.android","com.android.bluetooth","com.google.android.apps.docs","com.google.android.gm")
        getIntentChooser(this, targetIntent, "choose!", object : ComponentNameFilter {
            override fun shouldBeFilteredOut(componentName: ComponentName): Boolean = excludedAppsPackageNames.contains(componentName.packageName)
        })?.let { startActivity(it) }
    }
    interface ComponentNameFilter {
        fun shouldBeFilteredOut(componentName: ComponentName): Boolean
    }
    private fun getIntentChooser(context: Context, intent: Intent, chooserTitle: CharSequence? = null, filter: ComponentNameFilter): Intent? {
        val resolveInfos = context.packageManager.queryIntentActivities(intent, 0)
//        Log.d("AppLog", "found apps to handle the intent:")
        val excludedComponentNames = HashSet<ComponentName>()
        resolveInfos.forEach {
            val activityInfo = it.activityInfo
            val componentName = ComponentName(activityInfo.packageName, activityInfo.name)
//            Log.d("AppLog", "componentName:$componentName")
            if (filter.shouldBeFilteredOut(componentName))
                excludedComponentNames.add(componentName)
        }
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
            return Intent.createChooser(intent, chooserTitle).putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EXCLUDE_COMPONENTS, excludedComponentNames.toTypedArray())
        }
        if (resolveInfos.isNotEmpty()) {
            val targetIntents: MutableList<Intent> = ArrayList()
            for (resolveInfo in resolveInfos) {
                val activityInfo = resolveInfo.activityInfo
                if (excludedComponentNames.contains(ComponentName(activityInfo.packageName, activityInfo.name)))
                    continue
                val targetIntent = Intent(intent)
                targetIntent.setPackage(activityInfo.packageName)
                targetIntent.component = ComponentName(activityInfo.packageName, activityInfo.name)
                // wrap with LabeledIntent to show correct name and icon
                val labeledIntent = LabeledIntent(targetIntent, activityInfo.packageName, resolveInfo.labelRes, resolveInfo.icon)
                // add filtered intent to a list
                targetIntents.add(labeledIntent)
            }
            val chooserIntent: Intent?
            // deal with M list seperate problem
            chooserIntent = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
                // create chooser with empty intent in M could fix the empty cells problem
                Intent.createChooser(Intent(), chooserTitle)
            } else {
                // create chooser with one target intent below M
                Intent.createChooser(targetIntents.removeAt(0), chooserTitle)
            }
            if (chooserIntent == null) {
                return null
            }
            // add initial intents
            chooserIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_INITIAL_INTENTS, targetIntents.toTypedArray<Parcelable>())
            return chooserIntent
        }
        return null
    }
}