This is behavior is simply a bug, and will be fixed in an upcoming release.
If you want a "why" deeper than that, you'll need to know a lot about Chrome's debugger and JavaScript implementation. According to the diff of one file in the fix, the debugger formerly used a context_builder.native_context but now it uses a context_builder.evaluation_context. Apparently the native_context created by the old debugger code had trouble resolving (or not treating as read-only) local-scope variables. If you really wanted more, you could contact the author of the fix.
As for why the debugger does not appear in Firefox: it will appear if you are running code from a <script> and have your dev tools open. When running code from the console, it appears that you must have the debugger tab open specifically. Obviously, this is not possible if you have the console open to type in your code, but you can wrap it in setTimeout and quickly switch to the Debugger tab:
setTimeout(function() { debugger; }, 5000)