I thought Ubuntu had /dev/fbX and not /dev/fb/X devices?
$ cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=16.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=xenial
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS"
$ ls -l /dev/fb/*
ls: cannot access 'fb/*': No such file or directory
$ ls -l /dev/fb*
crw-rw---- 1 root video 29, 0 авг 29 11:41 fb0
Try running the program with that other name, or, failing that, make a link to that file:
# mkdir /dev/fb
# ln /dev/fb0 /dev/fb/0
Running the tests:
# sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/fb/0
dd: writing to '/dev/fb/0': No space left on device
15001+0 records in
15000+0 records out
7680000 bytes (7,7 MB, 7,3 MiB) copied, 0,501639 s, 15,3 MB/s
# sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/fb0
dd: writing to '/dev/fb0': No space left on device
15001+0 records in
15000+0 records out
7680000 bytes (7,7 MB, 7,3 MiB) copied, 0,523867 s, 14,7 MB/s
It works on my box, but YMMV.