Effective Reasoning

Outline

  1. Introduction
  2. Recommended Resources
  3. Effective Reasoning
  4. Elements of Reasoning
  5. Language
    • Verbal and Nonverbal Reasoning
    • Semantics and Syntax
    • Functions of Language and Forms of Discourse
    • Content
    • Agreement and Disagreement
    • Information, Concept, Reality, Virtual Reality
    • Fact and Opinion
    • Subjective and Objective
  6. Memory
    • How Memory Works
    • How Memory Works with Reason
    • How to Use Memory
  7. Sources of Appeal
    • Empiricism
    • Force
    • Origin and Agreement
    • Circumstance
    • Relationship and Relevancy
    • Nihilistic Arguments and Other "Dead-End" Arguments
  8. Definition and Focus
    • Definition and Problem Solving
    • Definition and Discourse
    • Kinds of Definition
    • Meaning
    • Defining
    • Ambiguity
  9. Deduction
    • Proof, Support, Evidence, and Warrant
    • Forms of Deduction
  10. Inductive Reasoning
    • Reasoning from Parts to Whole and from Whole to Parts
    • Analogical Reasoning
    • Correlation and Causal Connection
    • Mill's Methods
    • Commonplaces and Arguments from Form
    • Hybrid Forms of Inference
    • Science
    • The Scientific Method
    • Experimentation and Ad Hoc Hypothesis
    • Sociological/Anthropological Methods
    • Probability
    • Probabilistic Method
    • Expected Value
    • Intuition and Reasoning
  11. Doubt
    • A History of Doubt
    • Systematic Doubt, Certainty and Uncertainty, and Chaos
    • Existentialism, Relativism,and Postmodernism
  12. Argumentation
  13. Literary Criticism
  14. Aesthetic Criticism
  15. Moral Reasoning
  16. Apologetics and Religious Criticism
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