Proto-Germanic/Pronunciation
Welcome to the pronunciation lesson of Proto-Germanic!
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Labial | ||||||
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ |
n ⟨n⟩ |
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| Stop | Unvoiced | p ⟨p⟩ |
t ⟨t⟩ |
k ⟨k⟩ |
kʷ ⟨kw⟩ | ||
| Voiced | b ⟨b⟩ |
d ⟨d⟩ |
ɡ ⟨g⟩ |
ɡʷ ⟨gw⟩ | |||
| Fricative | Unvoiced | ɸ ⟨f⟩ |
θ ⟨þ⟩ |
s ⟨s⟩ |
x ⟨h⟩ |
xʷ ⟨hw⟩ | |
| Voiced | z ⟨z⟩ |
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| Approximants | j ⟨j⟩ |
w ⟨w⟩ | |||||
| Lateral | l ⟨l⟩ |
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| Trill | r ⟨r⟩ |
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- In some positions, voiced stops /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are pronounced as [β], [ð], and [ɣ] instead:
- in intervocalic positions;
- in word-initial positions in the case of /ɡ/ [ɣ]; and
- sometimes after /r/ in the case of /d/ [ð], varying with its stop allophone.
- /n/ before velar stops /k/ and /ɡ/ (both of which can be labialized) is pronounced as /ŋ/.
Vowels
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