Haud

Haud Hawd هَود هاود
Regions	Marodi Jeh, Togdheer, Sool, ( Somaliland) Somali Region, ( Ethiopia)
Area
• Total	119,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi)

The Haud (also Hawd) (Somali: Hawd, Arabic: هَوْد), formerly known as the Hawd Reserve Area, is a plateau situated in the Horn of Africa consisting of thorn-bush and grasslands.^[1] The region includes the southern part of Somaliland as well as the northern and eastern parts of the Somali Region of Ethiopia.^[2][3] Haud is a historic region as well as an important grazing area and has multiple times been referenced in countless notorious poems. The region is also known for its red soil, caused by the soil's iron richness.^[4] The Haud covers an estimated area of about 119,000 square km (or 46,000 square miles), more than nine-tenths the size of England, or roughly the size of North Korea.^[5]

The Haud region, a vast plateau in the Horn of Africa, has historically been a significant area inhabited primarily by Somali pastoralist clans. It is part of the larger Somali ethnic territories.

The Haud is believed by some scholars to have been part of the ancient Land of Punt, a kingdom renowned to the ancient Egyptians for its wealth in incense, gold, and exotic animals^[6]. The exact geographical boundaries of Punt remain debated, but many suggest it encompassed parts of the Horn of Africa, including the Haud.

During the medieval era, the Haud region came under the influence of the Ifat Sultanate, an Islamic kingdom which flourished from the late 13th to the early 15th centuries.^[7]Ifat controlled parts of what are now eastern Ethiopia and Djibouti. After Ifat’s decline, the Adal Sultanate rose to prominence, continuing to assert Islamic cultural and political influence in the region.^[8]

By the 18th century, the Haud was central to the Isaaq Sultanate, governed by the Rer Guled Eidagale branch of the Garhajis clan within the Isaaq clan-family.^[9] The sultanate’s authority extended across parts of present-day Somaliland and Ethiopia, with capitals at Toon and later Hargeisa. The Isaaq Sultanate played an essential role in the political, social, and economic life of the region until the late 19th century.^[10]

European colonial expansion dramatically reshaped the Haud. The 1941 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty saw Britain cede the Haud and Ogaden regions to Ethiopian sovereignty.^[11]This transfer was contentious since the Haud was predominantly inhabited by ethnic Somalis, many of whom had been under British protection as part of British Somaliland.^[12] The treaty ignored Somali claims to the land, fueling long-standing resentment.

Despite the formal cession, Britain continued to administer the Haud as part of its Somaliland Protectorate for 13 years, effectively acting as a buffer between Ethiopian authorities and Somali pastoralists.^[13] The 1954 Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement reaffirmed Ethiopian sovereignty, intensifying tensions as Ethiopia sought to assert stronger control over the region.^[14]

Following Somali independence in 1960, the Somali government adopted irredentist ambitions to unify all Somali-inhabited territories, including the Haud and Ogaden, into a Greater Somalia.^[15] These claims heightened tensions with Ethiopia.

In 1977, Somalia invaded the Ogaden and Haud regions, igniting the Ogaden War (1977–1978). Somali forces initially occupied much of the Haud, including key towns like Jigjiga.^[16]However, Ethiopia, with Soviet and Cuban support, repelled the invasion.^[17] The war entrenched animosities and complicated the Haud’s political future.^[18]

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Haud became a site of intense conflict and abuses against the Isaaq clan. The Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF), primarily composed of Ogaden fighters and backed by the Somali National Army (SNA), waged armed struggle against Ethiopia.^[19]However, some WSLF and SNA units perpetrated massacres, looting, rape, and destruction targeting Isaaq civilians in the Haud.^[20]

The Isaaq repeatedly appealed to both the WSLF and the Somali government to end these atrocities, but their pleas were ignored.^[21] The SNA's support of the WSLF further enabled continued abuses, deepening grievances.^[22]

In response, Isaaq officers and fighters from the WSLF’s Fourth Brigade—known locally as the Afraad—rebelled in 1978. Rejecting WSLF leadership’s complicity, they launched an independent insurgency focused on defending Isaaq territories.^[23]Led by figures such as Mohamed Farah Dalmar Yusuf, Afraad engaged in guerrilla warfare across Gobyar, Dhaberooble, Wajaale, and Gaashaamo.^[24]

By 1982, Afraad had gained broad Isaaq support, expelled many WSLF fighters from the Haud, and formally joined the Somali National Movement (SNM), the main resistance group for Somaliland autonomy.^[25]

The Afraad rebellion was a catalyst for wider Isaaq opposition to the Somali government. Continued government repression and refusal to protect Isaaq civilians led to the escalation of the Somaliland War throughout the 1980s.^[26] The conflict saw harsh counterinsurgency tactics, including aerial bombings and mass atrocities by the Somali regime.^[27] The war ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Siad Barre regime and Somaliland’s declaration of independence in 1991.^[28]

In December 2024, the Haud region became a focal point of the Dacawaley conflict, centered in the pastoralist settlement of Dacawaley in Ethiopia’s Somali Regional State.^[29]The conflict involved inter-clan clashes primarily between the Isaaq and Ogaden clans over grazing lands and resources.^[30]

The situation escalated when the Liyu Police, an Ethiopian regional paramilitary force aligned with the Somali Regional State government, intervened.^[31] Reports indicated severe abuses, including attacks on civilians, destruction of property, and dozens killed.^[32] Violence peaked from December 19 to 25, 2024, resulting in over 35 casualties and mass displacement.^[33]

Elders attempting mediation were ambushed and some abducted, worsening the conflict.^[34] The Liyu Police’s role was condemned by Ethiopian federal authorities and Somaliland officials.^[35]

Subsequently, Ethiopian federal forces took control of security in the region, and agreements were reached to remove the Liyu Police from Dacawaley.^[36] Joint Ethiopian-Somaliland talks in Jigjiga sought to reduce tensions and address land and resource disputes.^[37]

The 2024 conflict caused significant humanitarian suffering. Hundreds were displaced, homes and livelihoods destroyed, and vital livestock lost.^[38]

The Haud is of indeterminate extent; some authorities consider it denotes the part of Ethiopia east of the city of Harar. I.M. Lewis provides a much more detailed description, indicating that it reaches south from the foothills of the Golis and Ogo Mountains, and is separated from the Ain and Nugal valleys by the Buurdhaab mountain range.^[39] "The northern and eastern tips lie within the Somali Republic, while the western and southern portions (the later merging with the Ogaden plateau) form part of the Harari Province of Ethiopia."^[40] For decades it (as well as the entire Ogaden) has been an area of conflict and controversy. The eastern portion of Haud is traditionally referred to as Ciid.^[41] Due to its lack of permanent wells except to its west, the region is for the most part uninhabited during the dry season (January to April) when the nomads cross into Somaliland for grazing.^[2]

The British exerted control of the Ogaden beginning in 1941 as part of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement, administering the Haud as part of the British Somaliland protectorate, although Ethiopian sovereignty was still recognized in the area.^[42] This region was defined in the 1942 agreement as including the Ethiopian territory within a continuous belt of Ethiopian territory 25 miles [40km] wide contiguous to the frontier of French Somaliland running from the frontier of Eritrea to the Franco-Ethiopian Railway. Thence south-west along the railway to the bridge at Haraua. Thence south and south-east, excluding Gildessa, to the north-eastern extremity of the Garais Mountains and along the crest of the ridge of these mountains to their intersection with the frontier of the former Italian colony of Somalia. Thence along the frontier to its junction with British Somaliland.^[43]

The terrain of the Haud consists mainly of plains.^[5] The plateau is covered by a characteristic red sand, which conceals solid rocks like Nubian, Lower and Middle Eocene limestones as well as gypseous shales.^[5] In the Sool region there is a central area consisting of Middle Eocene anhydrite.^[5]

The region is largely covered by bushes, with many species of Acacia and other trees that measure up to 6-10 metres in height with much grass.^[5] There is also vast stretches of bush-less grassy plains referred to as ban in Somali.^[5] The region is filled with anthills rising up to 7 metres in height.^[5]

The region is home to a wide variety of fauna including lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas and jackals, as well as many species of antelopes, wart-hogs and a wide array of other smaller animals. The Haud is also home to the Somali ostrich, which is endemic to the region.^[5]

In 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of Somalis,^[44] the British signed the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement and gave Haud and the Somali Region to Ethiopia, based on the earlier Anglo-Ethiopian treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somaliland territory to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik in exchange for his help against raids by Somali clans.^[45] Britain included the proviso that the Somali residents would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the area.^[46] This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somaliland territory that it had turned over^[46] (which some presume was a "protectorate" by British treaties with the Somali clans in 1884 and 1886).

In response to the cessation of Haud Reserve and the Ogaden regions to Ethiopia in the year 1948, the fifth Grand Sultan of the Isaaq, Abdillahi Deria, led a delegation of politicians and Sultans, including the Habr Awal Sultan Sultan Abdulrahman Sultan Deria and political activist and heavyweight Michael Mariano of the Habr Je'lo, to the United Kingdom in order to petition and pressure the government to return them.^[47]

In Imperial Policies and Nationalism in The Decolonization of Somaliland, 1954-1960, Historian Jama Mohamed writes:

The N.U.F. campaigned for the return of the territories both in Somaliland and abroad. In March 1955, for instance, a delegation consisting of Michael Mariano, Abokor Haji Farah and Abdi Dahir went to Mogadisho to win the support and co-operation of the nationalist groups in Somalia. And in February and May 1955 another delegation consisting of two traditional Sultans (Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria, and Sultan Abdulrahman Sultan Deria), and two Western-educated moderate politicians (Michael Mariano, Abdirahman Ali Mohamed Dubeh) visited London and New York. During their tour of London, they formally met and discussed the issue with the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd. They told Lennox-Boyd about the 1885 Anglo-Somali treaties. Under the agreements, Michael Mariano stated, the British Government 'undertook never to cede, sell, mortgage or otherwise give for occupation, save to the British Government, any portion of the territory inhabited by them or being under their control'. But now the Somali people 'have heard that their land was being given to Ethiopia under an Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897'. That treaty, however, was 'in conflict' with the Anglo-Somali treaties 'which took precedence in time' over the 1897 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty[.] The British Government had 'exceeded its powers when it concluded the 1897 Treaty and ... the 1897 Treaty was not binding on the tribes.' Sultan Abdillahi also added that the 1954 agreement was a 'great shock to the Somali people' since they had not been told about the negotiations, and since the British Government had been administering the area since 1941. The delegates requested, as Sultan Abdulrahman put it, the postponement of the implementation of the agreement to 'grant the delegation time to put up their case' in Parliament and in international organizations.^[48]

The Haud is primarily inhabited by the Isaaq clan-family, most notably the Garhajis, Habr Awal, Habr Je'lo and Arap clans, and is part of the wider clan-family's core traditional territory.^[49][50] Several subclans of the Darod clan are also a present minority in the region, most notably the Ogaden, Jidwaaq.^[51] Dhulbahante^[52][49][53]

• Rabaso
• Aware
• Buhodle
• Gashamo
• Daroor
• Harshin lanqayrta
• Tog-Wajaale
• Dhagaxlee
• Hartashekh
• Danot

• Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets, the ecoregion that includes the Haud.

• Theodore M. Vestal, "Consequences of the British Occupation of Ethiopia During World War II".
• Leo Silberman, Why the Haud was ceded, Cahiers d'études africaines, vol. 2, cahier 5 (1961), pp. 37–83.