Leptotrichiaceae
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Leptotrichiaceae is a family of bacteria in the order Fusobacteriales. The family includes several genera, such as Leptotrichia, Streptobacillus, Sneathia, Caviibacter, Oceanivirga, Sebaldella, Pseudoleptotrichia, and Pseudostreptobacillus. Bacteria in this family are gram-negative, typically anaerobic, and inhabit diverse environments, including the mucous membranes of humans and animals, as well as ocean sediments.[1] While some species are part of the normal microbial flora, others can act as opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in immunocompromised individuals.
Characteristics
Members of Leptotrichiaceae are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are non-motile and non-spore-forming. They are predominantly anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic, thriving in low-oxygen environments, and exhibit fermentative metabolism, producing organic acids from carbohydrates. Many species are fastidious, requiring enriched media such as blood or serum for growth.[2] These bacteria are commonly isolated from the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital system of mammals, as well as from marine habitats.
Genera
The family Leptotrichiaceae encompasses the following genera:
- Leptotrichia – Found in the oral cavity and other mucous membranes; some species are implicated in infections in neutropenic patients.[3]
- Streptobacillus – Includes Streptobacillus moniliformis, the causative agent of streptobacillary rat-bite fever, a zoonotic disease.[4]
- Sneathia – Associated with the female urogenital tract and linked to conditions like bacterial vaginosis.[5]
- Caviibacter – Isolated from clinical specimens, including abscesses in animals.[6]
- Oceanivirga – Found in marine environments, including ocean sediments and fish.[7]
- Sebaldella – A genus found in the human oral and gastrointestinal microbiota, occasionally acting as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals.
- Pseudoleptotrichia – A recently identified genus contributing to the phylogenetic diversity of Leptotrichiaceae.
- Pseudostreptobacillus – Another newly recognized genus within the family, distinct from Streptobacillus.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[8]
| 16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[9][10][11] | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226[12][13][14] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
References
- ^ a b Parte; et al. "Leptotrichiaceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ Gupta, R. S.; Sethi, M. (2013). "Molecular signatures for the phylum (class) Fusobacteria and its family Leptotrichiaceae". Microbial Ecology. 66 (4): 859–872. doi:10.5935/abc.20130190. PMC 4081169. PMID 24061684.
- ^ Eribe, E. R. K.; Olsen, I. (2017). "Leptotrichia species in human infections II". Anaerobe. 48 (9): 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.008. PMC 5646626. PMID 28668529.
- ^ Eisenberg, T.; Glaeser, S. P.; Nicklas, W.; Maunder, N.; Contzen, M.; Aledelbi, R.; Kämpfer, P. (2016). "Streptobacillus felis sp. nov., isolated from a cat with pneumonia, and emended descriptions of the genus Streptobacillus and of Streptobacillus moniliformis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4672–4679. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001430. PMID 27506406.
- ^ Harwich, M. D.; Serrano, M. G.; Fettweis, J. M.; Alves, J. M.; Reimers, M. A.; Buck, G. A.; Jefferson, K. K. (2012). "Genomic sequence analysis and characterization of Sneathia amnii sp. nov". BMC Genomics. 13 (Suppl 8): S4. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-S8-S4. PMC 3535708. PMID 23282177.
- ^ Eisenberg, T.; Glaeser, S. P.; Blom, J.; Burkovski, A.; Kämpfer, P. (2016). "Caviibacter abscessus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae isolated from guinea pigs". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4680–4686. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001431. PMID 27506407.
- ^ Eisenberg, T.; Glaeser, S. P.; Kämpfer, P. (2016). "Oceanivirga salmonicida gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and emended description of the genus Oceanivirga". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4687–4693. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001432. PMID 27506408.
- ^ Sayers; et al. "Leptotrichiaceae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "GTDB release 10-RS226". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
- ^ "bac120_r226.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2025.
- ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 1 May 2025.