PG 1012+008

PG 1012+008
HST image of PG 1012+008.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationSextans
Right ascension10h 14m 54.89s[1]
Declination+00° 33′ 37.42″[1]
Redshift0.186740[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity55,983 km/s[1]
Distance2.383 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)18.94
Characteristics
TypeElliptical Sy1.2[1]
Size107.77 kiloparsecs (351,500 light-years)
(diameter; 2MASS K-band total isophote)[1]
Other designations
2MASX J10145490+0033375, 2dFGRS N357Z241, LEDA 3115631, RX J1014.9+0033, SDSS J101454.90+003337.3, HE 1012+0048, UVQS J101454.90+003337.4, 1AXG J101455.6+003349[1]

PG 1012+008 is a Seyfert 1 galaxy located in the constellation of Sextans. The redshift for this object is (z) 0.186[1] and it was first discovered in 1984 by astronomers who classified it as a low-redshift quasar displaying several absorption lines in its spectrum.[2]

Description

PG 1012+008 is classified as a radio-quiet quasar.[3][4] Its host is described as a large elliptical galaxy based on a best-fit of its one-dimensional profile.[5][4] Imaging by the Hubble Space Telescope showed it is also merging with its companion galaxy, with their nuclei estimated to be 6.7 kiloparsecs away from each other. There is a smaller compact galaxy located 12.4 kiloparsecs north from the pair, with evidence suggesting it is also taking part in the interaction process as well.[6][7][8] The black hole mass of the galaxy is estimated to be 8.42 Mʘ based on both velocity and size measurements of the broad-line region, with a total magnitude of -23.26.[9][10]

The radio structure of the galaxy is compact. High-sensitivity radio imaging made by the Very Large Array have found the source is mainly made up of a central nuclear point source with a long jet towards the southeast.[11][12] The jet itself appears to display a bend to the east based on both comparisons of the outer and inner isotopes. Optical imaging also showed the same structure indicating it and the gas from the narrow-line region are immediately connecting with each other. B-array mapping showed no evidence of extensional features although there is a prominent short extension northwest.[11]

Observations noted the central active galactic nucleus of the galaxy is powering outflows. It has a blue asymmetry which becomes red when reaching south of the nucleus, an indication of material flowing in the direction of southeast. There is also a blue component described as displaced nearly by 1000 kilometers per second, suggesting the outflow is fast.[12]

The galaxy displays a narrow-line region described as having a pear-shaped morphology.[9][13] When observed, the radio emission is mainly dominated by a central point source showing a slight deviation. The narrow-line region is also described as spatially weak upon reaching 6 kiloparsecs from the center indicating it has a large extent. The full width at half maximum velocity of the region line profile is estimated as 1,050 kilometers per second, with the doubly ionized oxygen emission described narrower when comparing to the emission located in the central spectrum. This suggests an unresolved outflowing component.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NED search results for PG 1012+008". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  2. ^ Heckman, T. M.; Bothun, G. D.; Balick, B.; Smith, E. P. (July 1984). "Low-redshift quasars as the active nuclei of cosmologically distant interacting galaxies : a spectroscopic investigation". The Astronomical Journal. 89: 958–965. Bibcode:1984AJ.....89..958H. doi:10.1086/113590. ISSN 0004-6256.
  3. ^ Dunlop, J. S.; Taylor, G. L.; Hughes, D. H.; Robson, E. I. (September 1993). "Infrared imaging of the host galaxies of radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 264 (2): 455–488. doi:10.1093/mnras/264.2.455. ISSN 0035-8711.
  4. ^ a b Márquez, I.; Petitjean, P.; Théodore, B.; Bremer, M.; Monnet, G.; Beuzit, J.-L. (2001-05-01). "Adaptive optics imaging of low and intermediate redshift quasars" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 371 (1): 97–106. arXiv:astro-ph/0103232. Bibcode:2001A&A...371...97M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010359. ISSN 0004-6361.
  5. ^ McLure, R. J.; Kukula, M. J.; Dunlop, J. S.; Baum, S. A.; O'Dea, C. P.; Hughes, D. H. (1999-09-19). "A comparative HST imaging study of the host galaxies of radio-quiet quasars, radio-loud quasars and radio galaxies - I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 308 (2): 377–404. arXiv:astro-ph/9809030. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.308..377M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02676.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  6. ^ information@eso.org. "Quasar PG 1012+008". www.esahubble.org. Retrieved 2025-08-03.
  7. ^ Bahcall, John N.; Kirhakos, Sofia; Saxe, David H.; Schneider, Donald P. (April 1997). "Hubble Space Telescope Images of a Sample of 20 Nearby Luminous Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 479 (2): 642–658. arXiv:astro-ph/9611163. Bibcode:1997ApJ...479..642B. doi:10.1086/303926. ISSN 0004-637X.
  8. ^ Zhao, Yulin; Ho, Luis C.; Shangguan, Jinyi; Kim, Minjin; Zhao, Dongyao; Gao, Hua (2021-04-01). "The Diverse Morphology, Stellar Population, and Black Hole Scaling Relations of the Host Galaxies of Nearby Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 911 (2): 94. arXiv:2102.09190. Bibcode:2021ApJ...911...94Z. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe8d4. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ a b c Oh, Semyeong; Woo, Jong-Hak; Bennert, Vardha N.; Jungwiert, Bruno; Haas, Martin; Leipski, Christian; Albrecht, Marcus (2013-04-03). "The Extended Narrow-Line Region of Two Type-I Quasi-Stellar Objects". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (2): 117. arXiv:1303.6212. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767..117O. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/767/2/117. ISSN 0004-637X.
  10. ^ Bonning, E. W.; Shields, G. A.; Salviander, S.; McLure, R. J. (June 2005). "QSO Narrow [O III] Line Width and Host Galaxy Luminosity". The Astrophysical Journal. 626 (1): 89–94. arXiv:astro-ph/0503045. Bibcode:2005ApJ...626...89B. doi:10.1086/429882. ISSN 0004-637X.
  11. ^ a b Leipski, C.; Falcke, H.; Bennert, N.; Hüttemeister, S. (August 2006). "The radio structure of radio-quiet quasars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 455 (1): 161–172. arXiv:astro-ph/0606540. Bibcode:2006A&A...455..161L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054311. ISSN 0004-6361.
  12. ^ a b Leipski, C.; Bennert, N. (2006-03-01). "[O III] profile substructure in radio–quiet quasars" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 448 (1): 165–169. arXiv:astro-ph/0511280. Bibcode:2006A&A...448..165L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054459. ISSN 0004-6361.
  13. ^ Trindade Falcão, Anna; Kraemer, S B; Fischer, T C; Schmitt, H R; Feuillet, L; Crenshaw, D M; Revalski, M; Maksym, W P; Vestergaard, M; Elvis, M; Gaskell, C M; Ho, L C; Netzer, H; Storchi-Bergmann, T; Turner, T J (2024-10-22). "Hubble Space Telescope observations of nearby type 1 quasars. I. Characterization of the extended [O iii] 5007 Å emission". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 535 (1): 621–633. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2412. ISSN 0035-8711.
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