Zhu Shizhen

Zhu Shizhen
朱世珍
BornZhu Wusi
1281
Jurong
Died1344
Burial
Ming Imperial Mausoleum (in present-day Fengyang, Anhui)
SpouseLady Chen
Issue
Detail
Names
Zhu Shizhen
Posthumous name
Emperor Chun[a]
Temple name
Renzu[b]
FatherZhu Chuyi[c]
MotherLady Wang[d][2]
Chinese name
Chinese朱世珍
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhū Shìzhēn
Birth name
Chinese朱五四
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhū Wǔsì

Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344), born Zhu Wusi, was the father of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty.[3]

Zhu Shizhen was a native of Jurong (present-day Jurong, Jiangsu). His father, Zhu Chuyi, moved to Xuyi in Si Prefecture (present-day Xuyi County, Huai'an, Jiangsu), and Zhu Shizhen later moved to Zhongli in Hao Prefecture (present-day Fengyang, Anhui). In 1344, a severe drought ravaged the area north of the Huai River. Zhu Shizhen, his wife Lady Chen, and his eldest son, all died one after another. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming dynasty, and honored his father as emperor, with the temple name Renzu and the posthumous name Emperor Chun. Zhu Shizhen's mausoleum was the Ming Imperial Mausoleum in Fengyang.

Life

Zhu Wusi was born in Zhujiaxiang, Tongde Township, Jurong County, Jiangsu Province in 1281.[e][5] His father, Zhu Chuyi, was registered as a "gold-washing household" (taojin hu) during the Yuan dynasty, which meant he was required to pay a fixed amount of gold to the government each year. However, as there were no gold mines in Jurong, Zhu Chuyi had to sell agricultural products to earn money, which he then used to buy gold for the government. This was a difficult and expensive task. To escape the constant pressure from the authorities, when Zhu Wusi was eight years old, Zhu Chuyi moved the entire family to Sunjiagang, located 13 li (7.5 km) north of Si Prefecture, which is now part of Xuyi County in Jiangsu Province.[6]

Zhu Wusi married a woman surnamed Chen,[f][7] and they had one son, Zhu Chongsi, and one daughter in Xuyi.[8] After his father died, the family fell into poverty. In order to survive, Zhu Wusi and his elder brother, Zhu Wuyi, were forced to leave their ancestral home with their families and search for better opportunities elsewhere. Zhu Wuyi's family settled in East Township, Zhongli County, Hao Prefecture (now located in Zhaofu Village north of Mingguang Town, Jiashan County, Anhui). Meanwhile, Zhu Wusi's family moved to Lingbi County, Anhui, where their second son, Zhu Chongliu, was born. They later relocated to Hong County (present-day Si County, Anhui), where their third son, Zhu Chongqi, was born.[g] Eventually, they settled in East Township, Zhongli County (now located in Jinqiao Village, Xiaoxihe Town, Fengyang, Anhui).[10] On 21 October 1328, Zhu Wusi and his wife welcomed their fourth son, Zhu Chongba (later changed to Zhu Xingzong, then Zhu Yuanzhang).[11]

In 1337,[h] due to hardship, Zhu Wusi's family was forced to move once again, this time to West Township in Zhongli (near present-day Tangfu Village, Linhuai Town, Fengyang). The following year, they relocated to Gucun Village in Taiping Township, Zhongli (present-day Ershiying Village, Chengxi Township, Fengyang County). The Zhu Wusi family became tenant farmers for the landlord Liu De who was known to be a harsh man, and despite their hard work, the Zhu family's life only grew more difficult. In 1344, the Huai River region was hit by an exceptionally severe drought. The seedlings withered, the fields cracked, and soon after, locust swarms and plague ravaged the area. On the sixth day of the fourth month (18 May), the 64-year-old Zhu Wusi died from the plague, as he could not afford treatment. His eldest son died later that same night. On the twenty-second day of the same month (3 June), his 59-year-old wife also succumbed to the illness.[15] Their sons, Zhu Chongliu and Zhu Chongba, pleaded with their landlord Liu De for a small burial plot to lay their parents to rest, but instead of showing compassion, they were berated by Liu. It was only later that their neighbor, Liu Jizu (劉繼祖), took pity on them and gave them a plot of land for burial.[i] Since their fourth son, Zhu Chongba, could not afford coffins, they wrapped the bodies of Zhu Wusi and his wife in old quilts and buried them hastily.[17]

In 1352, Zhu Chongba joined the Red Turban army led by Guo Zixing and changed his name to "Zhu Yuanzhang". He also changed his father's name from Zhu Wusi to Zhu Shizhen.[18] In 1366, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that his father's burial rites were too simple, but he was concerned that reburial might disrupt the geomantic aura of the land. As a solution, he decided to increase the height of the burial mound to meet the standards of an imperial mausoleum.[19]

Ming Imperial Mausoleum, tomb of Zhu Shizhen and his wife in Fengyang County, Chuzhou, Anhui.

In 1363, Han Lin'er, the dynastic head of the Red Turbans, posthumously accorded Zhu Shizhen the titles Executor and Assistant Minister of the Three Offices (開府儀同三司), Senior Pillar of the State (上柱國), Head of Privy Councilor for Extraordinary Affairs (錄軍國重事), Right Chancellor of the Central Secretariat (中書右丞相), Grand Commandant (太尉), and Duke of Wu (吳國公). His wife, Lady Chen, was posthumously accorded the title of duchess (公夫人).[20]

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming dynasty in Nanjing and posthumously honored Zhu Shizhen as emperor, with the temple name Renzu (仁祖; 'Benevolent Ancestor') and the posthumous name Emperor Chun (淳皇帝; 'Pure Emperor').[21] His mother, Lady Chen, was also posthumously honored as Empress Chun (淳皇后). Zhu Shizhen's tomb was renamed the Emperor Renzu's Mausoleum (仁祖陵). In 1369, Zhu Yuanzhang renamed the mausoleum to the Ying Mausoleum (英陵), and in the same year, he again renamed it to the Imperial Mausoleum (皇陵) and established the Imperial Mausoleum Guard to protect it.[22]

Zhu Yuanzhang undertook the construction of Zhu Shizhen's mausoleum twice, in 1369 and 1375.[23] The mausoleum was finally completed in 1379.

Issue

Zhu Shizhen had six children of his marriage with Lady Chen (1286–1344).[11]

  • Zhu Chongsi (朱重四), later Zhu Xinglong (朱興隆), posthumously as Prince of Nanchang (南昌王; 1307–1344), first son[24]
  • Zhu Chongliu (朱重六), later Zhu Xingsheng (朱興盛), posthumously as Prince of Xuyi (盱眙王; ?–?), second son[24]
  • Zhu Chongqi (朱重七), later Zhu Xingzu (朱興祖), posthumously as Prince of Linhuai (臨淮王; ?–?), third son[24]
  • Zhu Chongba (朱重八), later Zhu Xingzong (朱興宗), later Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋), the Hongwu Emperor (洪武帝; 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), fourth son[11]
  • Lady Zhu, posthumously as Grand Princess Taiyuan (太原長公主), first daughter[25]
    • Married Wang Qiyi (王七一)
  • Zhu Fonü (朱佛女), posthumously as Grand Princess Caoguo (曹國長公主; 1317–1351), second daughter[26]
    • Married Li Zhen (李貞; 1304–1379), and had issue (one son)

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: 淳皇帝; pinyin: Chún Huángdì
  2. ^ Chinese: 仁祖; pinyin: Rénzǔ
  3. ^ Posthumously as emperor, with the temple name Xizu (熙祖; 'Glorious Ancestor') and the posthumous name Emperor Yu (裕皇帝; 'Prospering Emperor').[1]
  4. ^ Posthumously as Empress Yu (裕皇后)[2]
  5. ^ In the Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ming History and Huai'an Historical and Cultural Studies, Volume 2, it is stated that Zhu Shizhen was born in 1281. However, according to Hu Hansheng's Mingchao diwang ling, Zhu Shizhen's birth is recorded as 1279.[4]
  6. ^ Lady Chen was a native of Jinli Town in Xuyi County. Her father served as a personal guard under the Song dynasty general Zhang Shijie. After the failure of the anti-Yuan resistance, he was forced to flee from government persecution and eventually settled in Jinli Town.[7]
  7. ^ In Xia Yurun's Zhu Yuanzhang yu Fengyang, it is mentioned that Zhu Wusi took refuge in Wuhe County, where he gave birth to Chongliu and Chongqi. However, according to Wei Su's Huangling bei, it is recorded that Chongliu was born in Lingbi County and Chongqi was born in Hong County.[9]
  8. ^ There are conflicting accounts of when Zhu Wusi moved to West Township in Zhongli. According to Hu Hansheng's Mingdai diling fengshui shuo, Zhu Wusi moved there in 1337.[12] However, Chen Wutong's Qiu shi ji states that he moved there in 1338.[13] Both sources mention that he later moved to Gucun Village in Taiping Township "the following year", but they disagree on the specific year. Hu Hansheng's book states it was 1338, while Chen Wutong's Qiu shi ji states it was 1339.[14]
  9. ^ In 1378, Zhu Yuanzhang posthumously accorded Liu Jizu the title of Marquis of Yihui (義惠侯), and his wife, Lady Lou, the title of Marquise.[16]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Taylor (1975), p. 57.
  2. ^ a b Zhou (2012), p. 3.
  3. ^ Mote (2003), p. 542.
  4. ^ Huai'an City History and Culture Research Association 2005, p. 31; Hu 2001, p. 1; Tian 2007, p. 804.
  5. ^ Huai'an City History and Culture Research Association 2005, p. 31; Hu 2001, p. 1; Yuan 2017, p. 137.
  6. ^ Hu 2001, p. 1; Zhou 2012, p. 3; Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series 2018, pp. 4–6.
  7. ^ a b Taylor 1975, p. 31; Hu 2001, p. 1.
  8. ^ Zhou 2017, p. 4; Tian 2007, p. 804; Taizu Shilu, vol. 1.
  9. ^ Xia (2003), p. 67.
  10. ^ Zhou 2012, pp. 4–5; Hu 2001, p. 1; Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series 2018, pp. 4–6; Xia 2003, p. 67; Chen 2021, p. 484.
  11. ^ a b c Taylor (1975), p. 31.
  12. ^ Hu (2008), p. 106.
  13. ^ Chen (2021), p. 484.
  14. ^ Hu 2008, p. 106; Chen 2021, p. 484.
  15. ^ Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series 2018, pp. 4–6; Taizu Shilu, vol. 1; Hu 2001, p. 2; Hu 2008, p. 106; Mote 2003, p. 542.
  16. ^ Wanli yehuo bian, Addendum One.
  17. ^ China Forbidden Society 2012, pp. 306–307; Taizu Shilu, vol. 1; Wang 2008, pp. 82–83.
  18. ^ Hu (2001), p. 1.
  19. ^ China Forbidden Society 2012, pp. 306–307; Wang 2008, p. 83.
  20. ^ Yanshan tang bie ji, vol. 6.
  21. ^ Taylor 1975, p. 57; China Forbidden Society 2012, pp. 306–307.
  22. ^ China Forbidden Society 2012, pp. 306–307; Zheng 2020, p. 6.
  23. ^ China Forbidden Society (2012), pp. 306–307.
  24. ^ a b c History of Ming, vol. 116; Zhou 2017, p. 4; Yuan 2017, p. 138.
  25. ^ History of Ming, vol. 121.
  26. ^ History of Ming, vol. 121; Gong 2018, p. 296.

Works cited

  • China Forbidden Society (2012). Zhongguo Zijincheng xuehui lunwenji 中国紫禁城学会论文集 [China Forbidden Society Proceedings] (in Chinese). Vol. 7. Beijing: The Forbidden City Publishing House. ISBN 9787513403320.
  • Chen, Wutong (2021). Qiu shi ji 秋实集 (in Chinese). Zhengzhou: Henan Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787555911050.
  • Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series (2018). Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang 明太祖朱元璋 (in Chinese). Beijing: Modern Press. ISBN 9787514368192.
  • Huai'an City History and Culture Research Association (2005). Huai'an lishi wenhua yanjiu 淮安历史文化研究 [Huai'an Historical and Cultural Studies] (in Chinese). Vol. 2. Beijing: Chinese Literature and History Press.
  • Gong, Faqin (2018). Mingguang shihua 明光史话 (in Chinese). Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787539663111.
  • Hu, Hansheng (2001). Mingchao diwang ling 明朝帝王陵 (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Yanshang Press. ISBN 9787540213961.
  • Hu, Hansheng (2008). Mingdai diling fengshui shuo 明代帝陵风水说 (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Press. ISBN 9787540219819.
  • Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  • Shen, Defu (1619). Wanli yehuo bian 萬曆野獲編 [Compilation of Wanli era catastrophes] (in Literary Chinese).
  • Tian, Shu (2007). Di 11 jie Ming shi guo ji xue shu tao lun hui lun wen ji 第十一届明史国际学术讨论会论文集 [Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ming History] (in Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House. ISBN 9787806964460.
  • Taylor, Romeyn (1975). Basic Annals of Ming T'ai-tsu. San Francisco: Chinese Material and Research Aids Service Center. OCLC 2983106.
  • Taizu Shilu 太祖實錄 [Veritable Records of Emperor Taizu] (in Literary Chinese).
  • Wang, Shizhen. Yan shan tang bie ji 弇山堂別集 [Yanshan Hall Collection] (in Literary Chinese).
  • Wang, Guangyong (2008). Ming Xiaoling fengshui juan 明孝陵 风水卷 (in Chinese). Nanjing: Southeast University Press. ISBN 9787564111175.
  • Xia, Yurun (2003). Zhu Yuanzhang yu Fengyang 朱元璋与凤阳 (in Chinese). Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House. ISBN 9787806309445.
  • Yuan, Heping (2017). Ming Taizu jiqi buyi tianzi de kaiguo gongchen 明太祖及其布衣天子的开国功臣 (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. ISBN 9787543972513.
  • Zhou, Yuwen (2012). Zhu Yuanzhang zhi mi 朱元璋之谜 (in Chinese). Nanjing: Nanjing Publishing House. ISBN 9787807189053.
  • Zhou, Qiyuan (2017). Tianming de zhuding Zhu Yuanzhang diwang zhi lu 天命的注定 朱元璋帝王之路 (in Chinese). Beijing: China International Radio Press.
  • Zheng, Yihong (2020). Mingdai diling shike yanjiu 明代帝陵石刻研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787539670195.
  • Zhang, Tingyu (1739). Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming] (in Literary Chinese).
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