Ascidiacea

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Kingdom: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Classis:
Ordines (3): Aplousobranchia – Phlebobranchia – Stolidobranchia
[Source: Ascidiacea World Database (WoRMS, 2017)]

Ascidiacea Blainville, 1824: 353

• Lahille (1886, 1887, 1890) divided Ascidiacea based on the structure of the adult branchial sac into three orders: Aplousobranchia, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia.
• Perrier (1898) as modified by Garstang (1928) divided Ascidiacea based upon the position of the gonads and other morphological considerations into two orders: Enterogona and Pleurogona.

• Blainville, H.M.D. de 1824. Mollusques, Mollusca. In: Cuvier, F. (ed.) Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles 32: 1–392. Levrault, Strasbourg et Paris, & Le Normant, Paris. BHL Reference page. 
• Lahille, M.F. 1886. Sur la classification des Tuniciers. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Séances de L'Academie des Sciences 102: 1573–1575. BHL
• Lahille, M.F. 1887. Etude systématique des Tuniciers. Compte rendu de la 16e session. Toulouse, 1887 Association française pour l’avancement des sciences 16: 667–677.
• Lahille, M.F. 1890. Recherche sur les Tuniciers. Paris: Faculté des Sciences de Paris.
• Perrier, E 1898. Note sur la Classification des Tuniciers. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Séances de L'Academie des Sciences 126: 1758–1762. BHL
• Garstang, W. 1928. The morphology of the Tunicata, and its bearings on the phylogeny of the Chordata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 72: 51–187.

• Lambert, G. 2019. The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz. Zootaxa 4657(3): 401–436. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4657.3.1 Reference page. 
• Monniot, F. 2009. Some ascidians from Indonesian marine lakes (Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua). Zootaxa 2106: 13–40. Abstract & excerpt
• Tsagkogeorga, G., Turon, X., Hopcrfot, R.R., Tilak, M.-K., Feldstein, T., Shenkar, N., Loya, Y., Huchon, D., Douzery, E.J.P. & Delsuc, F. 2009. An updated 18S rRNA phylogeny of tunicates based on mixture and secondary structure models. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 187. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-187
• Monniot, F., Dettai, A., Eleaume, M., Cruaud, C. & Amezziane, N. 2011. Antarctic Ascidians (Tunicata) of the French-Australian survey CEAMARC in Terre Adélie. Zootaxa 2817: 1–54. Preview
• Shenkar, N. & Swalla, B.J. 2011. Global diversity of Ascidiacea. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20657. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020657
• Monniot, F. 2012. Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the "AtimoVatae" survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1–42. Preview
• Sanamyan, K. & Sanamyan, N. 2012. Deep-water Ascidiacea from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 3245: 63–68. Preview
• Hirose, E., Iskandar, B.H. & Wardiatno, Y. 2014. Photosymbiotic ascidians from Pari Island (Thousand Islands, Indonesia). ZooKeys 422: 1–10. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.422.7431 Reference page. 
• Monniot, F. 2016. Ascidians (Tunicata) of the French Guiana Expedition. Zootaxa 4114(3): 201–245. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4114.3.1. Reference page. 
• Antoniadou, C., Gerovasileiou, V. & Bailly, N. 2016. Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273. Reference page. 
• Jaffarali, A., Akram, S.A. & Arshan, K.M.L. 2016. New distributional data on ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) from Mandapam coast, Gulf of Mannar, India. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e7855. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e7855. Reference page. 
• Monniot, F. & López-Legentil, S. 2017. Deep-sea ascidians from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 4276(4): 529–538. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4276.4.5. Reference page. 
• Palomino-Alvarez, L.A., Rocha, R.M. & Simões, N. 2019. Checklist of ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Zookeys, 832: 1–33. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.832.31712 Reference page. 

• Ascidiacea in the Ascidiacea World Database

For more multimedia, look at Ascidiacea on Wikimedia Commons.