Rhodophyta

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio:

Subdivisiones: Cyanidiophytina - Proteorhodophytina - Eurhodophytina

Classes: Bangiophyceae - Compsopogonophyceae - Cyanidiophyceae - Florideophyceae - Porphyridiophyceae - Rhodellophyceae - Stylonematophyceae

+ Familiae (Classes, ordines incertae sedis): Pterocladiophilaceae

+ Genera (Classes, ordines, familiae incertae sedis): Callophycus – Chalicostroma – Enigma – Perinema – Rhododiplobia – Selkia

Rhodophyta Wettstein (1901)

• Rhodophyceae Ruprecht, 1851; Thuret, 1855; Rabenhorst, 1863
• Rhodophycota Papenfuss, 1946
• Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand, 2004
• Rhodymeniobiotina Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro subregum)
• Rhodymeniophyta Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro phylum)
• Bangiophyta Vaga, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 37: 646. 1952 (“Bangieae”) (pro phylum)
• Porphyridiophyta Shameel, Pakistan J. Mar. Biol. 7: 24. 2001 (pro phylum)

• Wettstein, R. von 1901. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Vol. 1 pp. [i]–iv, [v], [1]–201. Leipzig & Wien [Vienna]: Franz Deuticke. Reference page. : 46, 182.

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 
• Saunders, G. W. & Hommersand, M.H. 2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1494–1507. (online) PDF DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494 Reference page. 
• Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2. Reference page. 
• Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D., & Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 482–492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x (PDF) Reference page. 
• Yoon, H.S., Nelson, W., Lindstrom, S.C., Boo, S.M., Pueschel, C., Qiu, H. & Bhattacharya, D. 2016. Rhodophyta. pp. 1–45. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_33-1 Reference page. 
• Muñoz-Gómez, S.A., Mejía-Franco, F.G., Durnin, K., Colp, M., Grisdale, C.J., Archibald, J.M. & Slamovits, C.H. 2017. The new red algal subphylum Proteorhodophytina comprises the largest and most divergent plastid genomes known. Current Biology 27: 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054 Reference page. 

• Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. Rhodophyta. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed 11 March 2018.
• Rhodophyta in the World Register of Marine Species
• Rhodophyta – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
• IUCN link: Rhodophyta threatened species

For more multimedia, look at Rhodophyta on Wikimedia Commons.

Dixon, P. S. (1973). Biology of the Rhodophyta. University Reviews in Biology No. 4. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, [1], [2].

• Division
  • Class Bangiophyceae
    • Order Porphyridiales
    • Order Compsopogonales
    • Order Rhodochaetales
    • Order Bangiales
  • Class Florideophyceae
    • Order Nemalionales
    • Order Gigartinales
    • Order Cryptonemiales
    • Order Rhodymeniales
    • Order Ceramiales

Pueschel, C.M. & Cole, K.M. 1982. Rhodophycean pit plugs: an ultrastructural survey with taxonomic implications. American Journal of Botany 69 (5): 703–720, [3].

• Division
  • Class Bangiophyceae
  • Class Florideophyceae
    • Order Palmariales
    • Order Corallinales
    • Order Gelidiales
    • Order Hildenbrandiales
    • Order Nemaliales
    • Order Batrachospermales
    • Order Bonnemaisoniales
    • Order Gigartinales
    • Order Cryptonemiales
    • Order Rhodymeniales
    • Order Ceramiales

[Note: the authors did not consider taxa in which pit plugs are absent or lack both caps and cap membranes.]

Gabrielson, P.W., Garbary, D.J., Sommerfeld, M.R., Townsend, R.A. & Tyler, P.L., 1990. 8. Phylum Rhodophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 102-118. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [4].

• Kingdom Protoctista
  • Section II: Phyla without flagellated stages, but with complex sexual cycles
    • Phylum 8.
      • Class Rhodophyceae

Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [5].

• "Algae"
  • Division
    • Class Bangiophyceae
      • Order Porphyridiales (e.g., Porphyridium, Chroodactylon)
      • Order Rhodochaetales (e.g., Rhodochaete)
      • Order Erythropeltidales (e.g., Erythrotrichia)
      • Order Compsopogonales
      • Order Bangiales (e.g., Porphyra, Bangia)
    • Class Florideophyceae
      • Order Acrochaetiales (e.g., Audouinella)
      • Order Palmariales (e.g., Palmaria, Rhodophysema)
      • Order Nemaliales (e.g., Nemalion, Galaxaura)
      • Order Batrachospermales (e.g., Lemanea, Batrachospermum)
      • Order Corallinales (e.g., Lithophyllum, Jania)
      • Order Hildenbrandiales
      • Order Bonnemaisoniales
      • Order Gelidiales (e.g., Gelidium)
      • Order Gigartinales (e.g., Acrosymphyton, Dumontia, Chondrus, Mastocarpus)
      • Order Gracilariales
      • Order Ahnfeltiales
      • Order Rhodymeniales (e.g., Chylocladia)
      • Order Ceramiales (e.g., Polysiphonia, Callithamnion, Ceramium, Hypoglossum)

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page. 

Regnum Rhodymeniobiota Doweld, 2001

• Subregnum Cryptomonadobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1: Cryptomonadophyta Pascher, 1931 ("Cryptophyta")
    • Class Goniomonadophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
    • Class Cryptomonadophyceae Pascher ex Schoenichen, 1925 ("Cryptomonadinae")
• Subregnum Glaucocystobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1: Glaucocystophyta Skuja, 1954 ("Glaucophyta")
    • Class Glaucocystophyceae Skuja, 1954 (= Glaucosphaerophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
• Subregnum Rhodymeniobiotina Doweld, 2001
  • Phylum 1: Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld, 2001
    • Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola, 1982
  • Phylum 2: Rhodymeniophyta Doweld, 2001
    • Class Bangiophyceae Wettstein, 1901 ("Bangiales")
    • Class Rhodymeniophyceae Doweld, 2001

G. W. Saunders & M. H. Hommersand (2004). Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1494–1507, [6].

Kingdom Plantae

• Subkingdom Rhodoplantae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subregnum nov.
  • Phylum 1: Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld 2001
    • Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola et al., 1981
      • Order Cyanidiales T. Christensen 1962
  • Phylum 2: Wettstein 1901
    • Subphylum 1: Rhodellophytina Cavalier-Smith 1998
      • Class Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998
        • Order 1 “Porphyridiales 1” (in Fig. 2; including Rhodella, on which the class and subphylum are based)
        • Order 2 Stylonematales K. Drew 1956 (Porphyridiales 2 in Fig. 2, includes Stylonemataceae K. Drew)
        • Order 3 Porphyridiales Kylin ex Skuja 1939 (Porphyridiales 3 in Fig. 2, includes Porphyridiaceae Skuja)
    • Subphylum 2: Metarhodophytina G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
      • Class Compsopogonophyceae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand classis nov.
        • Order 1 Compsopogonales Skuja 1939: 34. (includes Boldiaceae Herndon and Compsopogonaceae Schmitz)
        • Order 2 Erythropeltidales Garbary et al. 1980 (includes Erythrotrichiaceae G.M. Smith [cf. Silva, 1996])
        • Order 3 Rhodochaetales Bessey 1907 (includes Rhodochaetaceae Schmitz)
    • Subphylum 3: Eurhodophytina G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
      • Class 1: Bangiophyceae A. Wettstein 1901
        • Order Bangiales Nägeli 1847
      • Class 2: Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960
        • Subclass 1: Hildenbrandiophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order Hildenbrandiales Pueschel et K.M. Cole 1982: 718.
        • Subclass 2: Nemaliophycidae Christensen 1978
          • Order Acrochaetiales
          • Order Balbianiales
          • Order Balliales
          • Order Batrachospermales
          • Order Colaconematales
          • Order Corallinales
          • Order Nemaliales Schmitz in Engler 1892
          • Order Palmariales
          • Order Rhodogorgonales
          • Order Thoreales
        • Subclass 3: Ahnfeltiophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order 1 Ahnfeltiales Maggs et Pueschel 1989: 349.
          • Order 2 Pihiellales Huisman et al. 2003
        • Subclass 4: Rhodymeniophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
          • Order Bonnemaisoniales
          • Order Ceramiales
          • Order Gelidiales
          • Order Gigartinales
          • Order Gracilariales
          • Order Halymeniales
          • Order Nemastomatales
          • Order Plocamiales
          • Order Rhodymeniales Schmitz in Engler 1892: 19.

• Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D., & Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 482–492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x (PDF) Reference page. 

Phylum Wettstein 1901

• Subphylum 1: Cyanidiophytina H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, subphylum nov.
  • Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola, Castaldo, De Luca, Gambardella, Musacchio et Taddei 1981
• Subphylum 2: Rhodophytina
  • Class 1: Bangiophyceae Wettstein 1901
  • Class 2: Compsopogonophyceae G. W. Saunders et Hommersand 2004
  • Class 3: Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960
  • Class 4: Porphyridiophyceae H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, class nov.
  • Class 5: Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998
  • Class 6: Stylonematophyceae H.S. Yoon, K.M. Müller, R.G. Sheath, F.D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, classis nov.

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [7].

• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
    • Subkingdom Biliphyta
      • Phylum Glaucophyta
        • Class Glaucophyceae
          • Order Glaucocystales
      • Phylum
        • Subphylum Cyanidiophytina
          • Class Cyanidiophyceae
            • Order Cyanidiales
        • Subphylum Eurhodophytina
          • Class Bangiophyceae
            • Order Bangiales
            • Order Goniotrichales
          • Class Florideophyceae
            • Subclass N.N.
              • Order Rhodachlyales
            • Subclass Ahnfeltiophycidae
              • Order Ahnfeltiales
              • Order Pihiellales
            • Subclass Corallinophycidae
              • Order Corallinales
              • Order Rhodogorgonales
              • Order Sporolithales
            • Subclass Hildenbrandiophyceae
              • Order Hildenbrandiales
            • Subclass Nemaliophycidae
              • Order Acrochaetiales
              • Order Balbianiales
              • Order Balliales
              • Order Batrachospermales
              • Order Colaconematales
              • Order Entwisleiales
              • Order Nemaliales
              • Order Palmariales
              • Order Thoreales
            • Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
              • Order Acrosymphytales
              • Order Bonnemaisoniales
              • Order Ceramiales
              • Order Gelidiales
              • Order Gigartinales
              • Order Gracilariales
              • Order Halymeniales
              • Order Nemastomatales
              • Order Peyssonneliales
              • Order Plocamiales
              • Order Rhodymeniales
              • Order Sebdeniales
        • Subphylum Metarhodophytina
          • Class Compsopogonophyceae
            • Order Compsopogonales
            • Order Erythropeltidales
            • Order Rhodochaetales
        • Subphylum Rhodellophytina
          • Class Porphyridiophyceae
            • Order Porphyridiales
          • Class Rhodellophyceae
            • Order Dixoniellales
            • Order Glaucosphaerales
            • Order Rhodellales
          • Class Stylonematophyceae
            • Order Rufusiales
            • Order Stylonematales
    • Subkingdom Viridiplantae
      • Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
      • Infrakingdom Streptophyta
        • Superphylum Charophyta
        • Superphylum Embryophyta
          • Phylum Anthocerotophyta
          • Phylum Bryophyta
          • Phylum Marchantiophyta
          • Phylum Tracheophyta