écumer
French
Etymology
Inherited from Middle French escumer, from Old French escumer. By surface analysis, écume + -er.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /e.ky.me/
Audio: (file)
Verb
écumer
- (intransitive) to foam, foam up, froth, froth up
- (intransitive) to lather (as of a horse)
- (transitive) to unfoam, remove foam from
- (transitive) to take the scum off
- (transitive) to skim
- (figuratively) to scour (shops, etc., looking for something)
- (figuratively) to grift (to skim off profits etc.)
Conjugation
Conjugation of écumer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | écumer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | écumant /e.ky.mɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | écumé /e.ky.me/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | écume /e.kym/ |
écumes /e.kym/ |
écume /e.kym/ |
écumons /e.ky.mɔ̃/ |
écumez /e.ky.me/ |
écument /e.kym/ |
| imperfect | écumais /e.ky.mɛ/ |
écumais /e.ky.mɛ/ |
écumait /e.ky.mɛ/ |
écumions /e.ky.mjɔ̃/ |
écumiez /e.ky.mje/ |
écumaient /e.ky.mɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | écumai /e.ky.me/ |
écumas /e.ky.ma/ |
écuma /e.ky.ma/ |
écumâmes /e.ky.mam/ |
écumâtes /e.ky.mat/ |
écumèrent /e.ky.mɛʁ/ | |
| future | écumerai /e.kym.ʁe/ |
écumeras /e.kym.ʁa/ |
écumera /e.kym.ʁa/ |
écumerons /e.kym.ʁɔ̃/ |
écumerez /e.kym.ʁe/ |
écumeront /e.kym.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | écumerais /e.kym.ʁɛ/ |
écumerais /e.kym.ʁɛ/ |
écumerait /e.kym.ʁɛ/ |
écumerions /e.ky.mə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
écumeriez /e.ky.mə.ʁje/ |
écumeraient /e.kym.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | écume /e.kym/ |
écumes /e.kym/ |
écume /e.kym/ |
écumions /e.ky.mjɔ̃/ |
écumiez /e.ky.mje/ |
écument /e.kym/ |
| imperfect2 | écumasse /e.ky.mas/ |
écumasses /e.ky.mas/ |
écumât /e.ky.ma/ |
écumassions /e.ky.ma.sjɔ̃/ |
écumassiez /e.ky.ma.sje/ |
écumassent /e.ky.mas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | écume /e.kym/ |
— | écumons /e.ky.mɔ̃/ |
écumez /e.ky.me/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
- écumer le pot
Further reading
- “écumer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.