étouffer

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French estouffler.

Pronunciation

Verb

étouffer

  1. (ambitransitive) to smother, to choke
  2. (figuratively, by extension) to stop, to inhibit, to prevent

Conjugation

Conjugation of étouffer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple étouffer
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple étouffant
/e.tu.fɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle étouffé
/e.tu.fe/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses) 		present étouffe
/e.tuf/ 		étouffes
/e.tuf/ 		étouffe
/e.tuf/ 		étouffons
/e.tu.fɔ̃/ 		étouffez
/e.tu.fe/ 		étouffent
/e.tuf/
imperfect étouffais
/e.tu.fɛ/ 		étouffais
/e.tu.fɛ/ 		étouffait
/e.tu.fɛ/ 		étouffions
/e.tu.fjɔ̃/ 		étouffiez
/e.tu.fje/ 		étouffaient
/e.tu.fɛ/
past historic2 étouffai
/e.tu.fe/ 		étouffas
/e.tu.fa/ 		étouffa
/e.tu.fa/ 		étouffâmes
/e.tu.fam/ 		étouffâtes
/e.tu.fat/ 		étouffèrent
/e.tu.fɛʁ/
future étoufferai
/e.tu.fʁe/ 		étoufferas
/e.tu.fʁa/ 		étouffera
/e.tu.fʁa/ 		étoufferons
/e.tu.fʁɔ̃/ 		étoufferez
/e.tu.fʁe/ 		étoufferont
/e.tu.fʁɔ̃/
conditional étoufferais
/e.tu.fʁɛ/ 		étoufferais
/e.tu.fʁɛ/ 		étoufferait
/e.tu.fʁɛ/ 		étoufferions
/e.tu.fə.ʁjɔ̃/ 		étoufferiez
/e.tu.fə.ʁje/ 		étoufferaient
/e.tu.fʁɛ/
(compound
tenses) 		present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses) 		present étouffe
/e.tuf/ 		étouffes
/e.tuf/ 		étouffe
/e.tuf/ 		étouffions
/e.tu.fjɔ̃/ 		étouffiez
/e.tu.fje/ 		étouffent
/e.tuf/
imperfect2 étouffasse
/e.tu.fas/ 		étouffasses
/e.tu.fas/ 		étouffât
/e.tu.fa/ 		étouffassions
/e.tu.fa.sjɔ̃/ 		étouffassiez
/e.tu.fa.sje/ 		étouffassent
/e.tu.fas/
(compound
tenses) 		past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — étouffe
/e.tuf/ 		— étouffons
/e.tu.fɔ̃/ 		étouffez
/e.tu.fe/ 		—
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
past historic → present perfect
past anterior → pluperfect
imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

Further reading

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