κάρφω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krebʰ- (“to wither, warp, stiffen”), which Frisk considers sound-symbolic, with cognates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic including Russian коро́бить (koróbitʹ, “to bend, warp”), Lithuanian skrèbti (“to get stiff”), Old Norse skorpna (“to writhe, wither”). However, the consistent α-vocalism of the Greek words is problematic; based on this, Beekes derives the Greek word from Pre-Greek. It is still possible that the Balto-Slavic and Germanic terms are cognate with the Greek, whether via borrowing from a common substrate source, or via irregular sound changes from *(s)krebʰ- which are not particularly unusual for sound-symbolic roots, as Frisk notes.[1]

Pronunciation

 

Verb

κᾰ́ρφω • (kắrphō)

  1. to dry up, wither, shrivel

Inflection

   Present: κᾰ́ρφω, κᾰ́ρφομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative κᾰ́ρφω κᾰ́ρφεις κᾰ́ρφει κᾰ́ρφετον κᾰ́ρφετον κᾰ́ρφομεν κᾰ́ρφετε κᾰ́ρφουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive κᾰ́ρφω κᾰ́ρφῃς κᾰ́ρφῃ κᾰ́ρφητον κᾰ́ρφητον κᾰ́ρφωμεν κᾰ́ρφητε κᾰ́ρφωσῐ(ν)
optative κᾰ́ρφοιμῐ κᾰ́ρφοις κᾰ́ρφοι κᾰ́ρφοιτον κᾰρφοίτην κᾰ́ρφοιμεν κᾰ́ρφοιτε κᾰ́ρφοιεν
imperative   κᾰ́ρφε κᾰρφέτω κᾰ́ρφετον κᾰρφέτων   κᾰ́ρφετε κᾰρφόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative κᾰ́ρφομαι κᾰ́ρφῃ,
κᾰ́ρφει 		κᾰ́ρφεται κᾰ́ρφεσθον κᾰ́ρφεσθον κᾰρφόμεθᾰ κᾰ́ρφεσθε κᾰ́ρφονται
subjunctive κᾰ́ρφωμαι κᾰ́ρφῃ κᾰ́ρφηται κᾰ́ρφησθον κᾰ́ρφησθον κᾰρφώμεθᾰ κᾰ́ρφησθε κᾰ́ρφωνται
optative κᾰρφοίμην κᾰ́ρφοιο κᾰ́ρφοιτο κᾰ́ρφοισθον κᾰρφοίσθην κᾰρφοίμεθᾰ κᾰ́ρφοισθε κᾰ́ρφοιντο
imperative   κᾰ́ρφου κᾰρφέσθω κᾰ́ρφεσθον κᾰρφέσθων   κᾰ́ρφεσθε κᾰρφέσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive κᾰ́ρφειν κᾰ́ρφεσθαι
participle m κᾰ́ρφων κᾰρφόμενος
f κᾰ́ρφουσᾰ κᾰρφομένη
n κᾰ́ρφον κᾰρφόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: κᾰ́ρψω, κᾰ́ρψομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative κᾰ́ρψω κᾰ́ρψεις κᾰ́ρψει κᾰ́ρψετον κᾰ́ρψετον κᾰ́ρψομεν κᾰ́ρψετε κᾰ́ρψουσῐ(ν)
optative κᾰ́ρψοιμῐ κᾰ́ρψοις κᾰ́ρψοι κᾰ́ρψοιτον κᾰρψοίτην κᾰ́ρψοιμεν κᾰ́ρψοιτε κᾰ́ρψοιεν
middle indicative κᾰ́ρψομαι κᾰ́ρψῃ,
κᾰ́ρψει 		κᾰ́ρψεται κᾰ́ρψεσθον κᾰ́ρψεσθον κᾰρψόμεθᾰ κᾰ́ρψεσθε κᾰ́ρψονται
optative κᾰρψοίμην κᾰ́ρψοιο κᾰ́ρψοιτο κᾰ́ρψοισθον κᾰρψοίσθην κᾰρψοίμεθᾰ κᾰ́ρψοισθε κᾰ́ρψοιντο
active middle
infinitive κᾰ́ρψειν κᾰ́ρψεσθαι
participle m κᾰ́ρψων κᾰρψόμενος
f κᾰ́ρψουσᾰ κᾰρψομένη
n κᾰ́ρψον κᾰρψόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

  • κᾰρφᾰλέος (kărphăléos)
  • καρφαρεῖον (karphareîon)
  • κᾰρφεῖᾰ (kărpheîă)
  • κᾰρφηρός (kărphērós)
  • κᾰρφῐ́ον (kărphĭ́on)
  • κᾰρφῐσμός (kărphĭsmós)
  • κᾰρφῑ́της (kărphī́tēs)
  • κᾰρφοειδής (kărphoeidḗs)
  • κᾰρφολογέω (kărphologéō)
  • καρφομιγής (karphomigḗs)
  • καρφοπέταλον (karphopétalon)
  • κᾰ́ρφος (kắrphos)
  • κᾰρφώδης (kărphṓdēs)
  • καρφώνω (karphṓnō)
  • κᾰτᾰκᾰ́ρφω (kătăkắrphō)
  • ὑποκᾰ́ρφω (hupokắrphō)

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάρφω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 651-2

Further reading

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