καίνυμαι

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Re-analyzed from κέκασμαι (kékasmai), which could share an origin with Vedic Sanskrit शाश॑दान (śā́śadāna, “having ability, skill, excellence”). Less certain is a connection to Gaulish *kaddos (“holy”), which could be from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃- (“to sharpen”). Also compare Sanskrit छन्द् (chand, “to appear, to gratify”), from Proto-Indo-European *sḱend-.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kǎi̯.ny.mai̯/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkɛ.ny.mɛ/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈcɛ.ny.mɛ/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈce.ny.me/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈce.ni.me/

Verb

καίνῠμαι • (kaínŭmai)

to surpass, overcome

Conjugation

Present: καίνῠμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	καίνῠμαι	καίνῠσαι	καίνῠται	καίνῠσθον	καίνῠσθον	καινῠ́μεθα	καίνῠσθε	καίνῠνται
	subjunctive	καινῠ́ωμαι	καινῠ́ῃ	καινῠ́ηται	καινῠ́ησθον	καινῠ́ησθον	καινῠώμεθᾰ	καινῠ́ησθε	καινῠ́ωνται
	optative	καινῠοίμην	καινῠ́οιο	καινῠ́οιτο	καινῠ́οισθον	καινῠοίσθην	καινῠοίμεθᾰ	καινῠ́οισθε	καινῠ́οιντο
	imperative		καίνῠσο	καινῠ́σθω	καίνῠσθον	καινῠ́σθων		καίνῠσθε	καινῠ́σθων
						middle/passive
infinitive						καίνῠσθαι
participle	m					καινῠ́μενος
	f					καινῠμένη
	n					καινῠ́μενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. The only attested active form is the third-person singular imperative form καινῠ́τω (kainŭ́tō).

Imperfect: ἐκαινῠ́μην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	ἐκαινῠ́μην	ἐκαίνῠσο	ἐκαίνῠτο	ἐκαίνῠσθον	ἐκαινῠ́σθην	ἐκαινῠ́μεθᾰ	ἐκαίνῠσθε	ἐκαίνῠντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: κέκᾰσμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	κέκᾰσμαι	κέκασαι / κέκασσαι	κέκᾰσται	κέκᾰσθον	κέκᾰσθον	κεκᾰ́σμεθᾰ	κέκᾰσθε	κεκᾰ́δᾰται
	subjunctive	κεκᾰσμένος ὦ	κεκᾰσμένος ᾖς	κεκᾰσμένος ᾖ	κεκᾰσμένω ἦτον	κεκᾰσμένω ἦτον	κεκᾰσμένοι ὦμεν	κεκᾰσμένοι ἦτε	κεκᾰσμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	κεκᾰσμένος εἴην	κεκᾰσμένος εἴης	κεκᾰσμένος εἴη	κεκᾰσμένω εἴητον / εἶτον	κεκᾰσμένω εἰήτην / εἴτην	κεκᾰσμένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν	κεκᾰσμένοι εἴητε / εἶτε	κεκᾰσμένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν
	imperative		κέκᾰσο	κεκᾰ́σθω	κέκᾰσθον	κεκᾰ́σθων		κέκᾰσθε	κεκᾰ́σθων
						middle/passive
infinitive						κεκᾰ́σθαι
participle	m					κεκᾰσμένος
	f					κεκᾰσμένη
	n					κεκᾰσμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: κέκαδμαι (Doric)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	κέκαδμαι	κέκᾰσαι	κέκᾰσται	κέκᾰσθον	κέκᾰσθον	κεκάδμεθα	κέκᾰσθε	κεκᾰ́δᾰται
	subjunctive	κεκαδμένος ὦ	κεκαδμένος ᾖς	κεκαδμένος ᾖ	κεκαδμένω ἦτον	κεκαδμένω ἦτον	κεκαδμένοι ὦμες	κεκαδμένοι ἦτε	κεκαδμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	κεκαδμένος εἴην	κεκαδμένος εἴης	κεκαδμένος εἴη	κεκαδμένω εἴητον / εἶτον	κεκαδμένω εἰήτην / εἴτᾱν	κεκαδμένοι εἴημεν / εἶμες	κεκαδμένοι εἴητε / εἶτε	κεκαδμένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν
	imperative		κέκᾰσο	κεκᾰ́σθω	κέκᾰσθον	κεκᾰ́σθων		κέκᾰσθε	κεκᾰ́σθων
						middle/passive
infinitive						κεκᾰ́σθαι
participle	m					κεκαδμένος
	f					κεκαδμένᾱ
	n					κεκαδμένον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Pluperfect: ἐκεκᾰ́σμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	ἐκεκᾰ́σμην	ἐκέκᾰσο	ἐκέκᾰστο	ἐκέκᾰσθον	ἐκεκᾰ́σθην	ἐκεκᾰ́σμεθᾰ	ἐκέκᾰσθε	ἐκεκᾰ́δᾰτο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Pluperfect: κεκᾰ́σμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	κεκᾰ́σμην	κέκᾰσο	κέκᾰστο	κέκᾰσθον	κεκᾰ́σθην	κεκᾰ́σμεθᾰ	κέκᾰσθε	κεκᾰ́δᾰτο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

References

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέκασμαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 666
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “kato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 194