خردل
Arabic
Etymology
Uncertain, previous comparisons to an Akkadian source have been depreciated as uninformed readings; compare Hebrew חַרְדָּל (ḥardal), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic חרדלא (ḥardlā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חַרְדְּלָא (ḥardlā), Classical Syriac ܚܪܕܠܐ (ḥardlā), and potentially Akkadian 𒄷𒊏𒁺 (/ḫurādu/, “unidentified aromatic plant possibly in reference to mustard seeds; aromatic seed or spice mix”, literally “pebbles, little stones”); perhaps connected ultimately to Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ- (“to sow, to plant seeds, to till, to plow, to cultivate”) or Sumerian 𒌑𒄯𒄯 (/ḫarḫar/, “unidentified plant yielding seeds used as a spice”) of uncertain provenance.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /xar.dal/
Noun
خَرْدَل • (ḵardal) m (collective, singulative خَرْدَلَة f (ḵardala))
- mustard (plant and condiment)
Declension
| collective | basic collective triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | خَرْدَل ḵardal |
الْخَرْدَل al-ḵardal |
خَرْدَل ḵardal |
| nominative | خَرْدَلٌ ḵardalun |
الْخَرْدَلُ al-ḵardalu |
خَرْدَلُ ḵardalu |
| accusative | خَرْدَلًا ḵardalan |
الْخَرْدَلَ al-ḵardala |
خَرْدَلَ ḵardala |
| genitive | خَرْدَلٍ ḵardalin |
الْخَرْدَلِ al-ḵardali |
خَرْدَلِ ḵardali |
| singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | خَرْدَلَة ḵardala |
الْخَرْدَلَة al-ḵardala |
خَرْدَلَة ḵardalat |
| nominative | خَرْدَلَةٌ ḵardalatun |
الْخَرْدَلَةُ al-ḵardalatu |
خَرْدَلَةُ ḵardalatu |
| accusative | خَرْدَلَةً ḵardalatan |
الْخَرْدَلَةَ al-ḵardalata |
خَرْدَلَةَ ḵardalata |
| genitive | خَرْدَلَةٍ ḵardalatin |
الْخَرْدَلَةِ al-ḵardalati |
خَرْدَلَةِ ḵardalati |
| dual | indefinite | definite | construct |
| informal | خَرْدَلَتَيْن ḵardalatayn |
الْخَرْدَلَتَيْن al-ḵardalatayn |
خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay |
| nominative | خَرْدَلَتَانِ ḵardalatāni |
الْخَرْدَلَتَانِ al-ḵardalatāni |
خَرْدَلَتَا ḵardalatā |
| accusative | خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni |
الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni |
خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay |
| genitive | خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni |
الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni |
خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay |
| paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt |
الْخَرْدَلَات al-ḵardalāt |
خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt |
| nominative | خَرْدَلَاتٌ ḵardalātun |
الْخَرْدَلَاتُ al-ḵardalātu |
خَرْدَلَاتُ ḵardalātu |
| accusative | خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin |
الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti |
خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti |
| genitive | خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin |
الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti |
خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti |
Descendants
- → Middle Armenian: խարտալ (xartal)
- → Persian: خردل (xardal)
- Tajik: хардал (xardal)
- → Azerbaijani: xardal
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)
- Urdu: خردل (xardal)
- → Ottoman Turkish: خردل (hardal)
- Turkish: hardal
- → Swahili: haradali
References
- Levey, Martin (1973) Early Arabic Pharmacology. An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources, Leiden: E. J. Brill, , →ISBN, page 60
Persian
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): /xaɾ.ˈdal/
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xæɹ.d̪æl̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χäɾ.d̪äl]
| Readings | |
|---|---|
| Classical reading? | xardal |
| Dari reading? | xardal |
| Iranian reading? | xardal |
| Tajik reading? | xardal |
Noun
خردل • (xardal)
Descendants
- Tajik: хардал (xardal)
- → Azerbaijani: xardal
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)
- Urdu: خردل (xardal)
Urdu
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian خردل (xardal), from Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).
Noun
خردل • (xardal) m (Hindi spelling ख़र्दल)