فرملة
Arabic
Etymology 1
Unknown. It is a word only from the late 19th century (then also with a variant فَرْمِيلَة (farmīla)), originating and still spread in the dialects of Egypt, the Sudan and Chad. The east uses بْرَِيك (brēk), the lands west and Mandate Syria the French frein, so it is perhaps from its Ottoman Turkish derivative frenlemek (“to brake”), the verb coming first, but Italian fermare fits too.
Noun
فَرْمَلَة • (farmala) f (plural فَرَامِل (farāmil) or فَرْمَلَات (farmalāt))
- verbal noun of فَرْمَلَ (farmala) (form Iq)
- brake
- Synonyms: كَابِحَة (kābiḥa), مِكْبَح (mikbaḥ), ضَابِطَة (ḍābiṭa)
Declension
| singular | singular triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | فَرْمَلَة farmala |
الْفَرْمَلَة al-farmala |
فَرْمَلَة farmalat |
| nominative | فَرْمَلَةٌ farmalatun |
الْفَرْمَلَةُ al-farmalatu |
فَرْمَلَةُ farmalatu |
| accusative | فَرْمَلَةً farmalatan |
الْفَرْمَلَةَ al-farmalata |
فَرْمَلَةَ farmalata |
| genitive | فَرْمَلَةٍ farmalatin |
الْفَرْمَلَةِ al-farmalati |
فَرْمَلَةِ farmalati |
| dual | indefinite | definite | construct |
| informal | فَرْمَلَتَيْن farmalatayn |
الْفَرْمَلَتَيْن al-farmalatayn |
فَرْمَلَتَيْ farmalatay |
| nominative | فَرْمَلَتَانِ farmalatāni |
الْفَرْمَلَتَانِ al-farmalatāni |
فَرْمَلَتَا farmalatā |
| accusative | فَرْمَلَتَيْنِ farmalatayni |
الْفَرْمَلَتَيْنِ al-farmalatayni |
فَرْمَلَتَيْ farmalatay |
| genitive | فَرْمَلَتَيْنِ farmalatayni |
الْفَرْمَلَتَيْنِ al-farmalatayni |
فَرْمَلَتَيْ farmalatay |
| plural | basic broken plural diptote; sound feminine plural | ||
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | فَرَامِل; فَرْمَلَات farāmil; farmalāt |
الْفَرَامِل; الْفَرْمَلَات al-farāmil; al-farmalāt |
فَرَامِل; فَرْمَلَات farāmil; farmalāt |
| nominative | فَرَامِلُ; فَرْمَلَاتٌ farāmilu; farmalātun |
الْفَرَامِلُ; الْفَرْمَلَاتُ al-farāmilu; al-farmalātu |
فَرَامِلُ; فَرْمَلَاتُ farāmilu; farmalātu |
| accusative | فَرَامِلَ; فَرْمَلَاتٍ farāmila; farmalātin |
الْفَرَامِلَ; الْفَرْمَلَاتِ al-farāmila; al-farmalāti |
فَرَامِلَ; فَرْمَلَاتِ farāmila; farmalāti |
| genitive | فَرَامِلَ; فَرْمَلَاتٍ farāmila; farmalātin |
الْفَرَامِلِ; الْفَرْمَلَاتِ al-farāmili; al-farmalāti |
فَرَامِلِ; فَرْمَلَاتِ farāmili; farmalāti |
Related terms
- فَرْمَل (farmal, “to brake”)
- فَرْمَلْجِيّ (farmaljiyy, “brakesman”)
References
- Behnstedt, Peter, Woidich, Manfred (2012) Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte – Band II: Materielle Kultur (Handbook of Oriental Studies – Handbuch der Orientalistik; 100/II) (in German), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, , →ISBN, page 445
Etymology 2
Introduced in the 18th century after Turkish cuts, dissimilated from Ottoman Turkish فرمنه (fermene, “a kind of ornamented jacket worn in front of the waist”), from the term surfacing in Arabic as فَرْمَان (farmān, “a written decree”), understood as lending dignity carried in front for passthrough.
Noun
فَرْمَلَة • (farmala) f (plural فَرَامِل (farāmil))
- (Libya, Tunisia) a kind of traditional vest with gold braid ornaments resembling a صَدْرِيَّة (ṣadriyya), kirtle, gilet, plastron
Declension
| singular | singular triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | فَرْمَلَة farmala |
الْفَرْمَلَة al-farmala |
فَرْمَلَة farmalat |
| nominative | فَرْمَلَةٌ farmalatun |
الْفَرْمَلَةُ al-farmalatu |
فَرْمَلَةُ farmalatu |
| accusative | فَرْمَلَةً farmalatan |
الْفَرْمَلَةَ al-farmalata |
فَرْمَلَةَ farmalata |
| genitive | فَرْمَلَةٍ farmalatin |
الْفَرْمَلَةِ al-farmalati |
فَرْمَلَةِ farmalati |
| dual | indefinite | definite | construct |
| informal | فَرْمَلَتَيْن farmalatayn |
الْفَرْمَلَتَيْن al-farmalatayn |
فَرْمَلَتَيْ farmalatay |
| nominative | فَرْمَلَتَانِ farmalatāni |
الْفَرْمَلَتَانِ al-farmalatāni |
فَرْمَلَتَا farmalatā |
| accusative | فَرْمَلَتَيْنِ farmalatayni |
الْفَرْمَلَتَيْنِ al-farmalatayni |
فَرْمَلَتَيْ farmalatay |
| genitive | فَرْمَلَتَيْنِ farmalatayni |
الْفَرْمَلَتَيْنِ al-farmalatayni |
فَرْمَلَتَيْ farmalatay |
| plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
| indefinite | definite | construct | |
| informal | فَرَامِل farāmil |
الْفَرَامِل al-farāmil |
فَرَامِل farāmil |
| nominative | فَرَامِلُ farāmilu |
الْفَرَامِلُ al-farāmilu |
فَرَامِلُ farāmilu |
| accusative | فَرَامِلَ farāmila |
الْفَرَامِلَ al-farāmila |
فَرَامِلَ farāmila |
| genitive | فَرَامِلَ farāmila |
الْفَرَامِلِ al-farāmili |
فَرَامِلِ farāmili |
Derived terms
- فُرَيْمِلَة (furaymila, diminutive)
Descendants
- → Bidiyo: parmalà
- → Hausa: farmàlàn
- → Kanuri: fármala
- → Kotoko: fármàlà
References
- Růžička, Rudolf (1909) “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft[1] (in German), volume VI, number 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 105–106
- Lidwien Kapteijns and Jay Spaulding, editors (p. 1897, a. 1917), “Gifts worthy of kings: An episode in Dār Fūr-Taqalī relations”, in Sudanic Africa[2] (in Arabic), volume 1, published 1990, page 69, footnote 42
- Stuhlmann, Franz (1912) Ein kulturgeschichtlicher Ausflug in den Aures (Atlas von Süd-Algerien): nebst Betrachtungen über die Berber-Völker (Abhandlungen des Hamburgischen Kolonialinstituts; X)[3] (in German), Hamburg: L. Friederichsen & Co., page 168b