इतिहास
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इतिहास (itihāsa).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi) IPA(key): /ɪ.t̪ɪ.ɦɑːs/, [ɪ.t̪ɪ.ɦäːs]
Noun
इतिहास • (itihās) m (Urdu spelling اتہاس)
- history
- इतिहास के विभाग में पाँच व्याख्याता हैं।
- itihās ke vibhāg mẽ pā̃c vyākhyātā ha͠i.
- There are five lecturers in the history department.
- इतिहास दोहराता है। ― itihās dohrātā hai. ― History repeats [itself].
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | इतिहास itihās |
इतिहास itihās |
| oblique | इतिहास itihās |
इतिहासों itihāsõ |
| vocative | इतिहास itihās |
इतिहासो itihāso |
Related terms
Further reading
- Bahri, Hardev (1989) “इतिहास”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
Marathi
Etymology
Inherited from Sanskrit इतिहास (itihāsa), through Old Marathi 𑘃𑘝𑘲𑘮𑘰𑘭 (itihāsa, “history”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /i.t̪i.ɦas/, [i.t̪iːas]
Noun
इतिहास • (itihās) m
- history
- इतिहास हा स्मृतीवर ओझे नसून आत्म्याचा प्रकाश आहे.
- itihās hā smrutīvar ojhe nasūn ātmyācā prakāś āhe.
- History is not a burden on the memory but an illumination of the soul.
Declension
| Declension of इतिहास (masc cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
इतिहास itihās | ||
| direct plural |
इतिहास itihās | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
इतिहास itihās |
इतिहास itihās | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
इतिहासा itihāsā |
इतिहासां- itihāsān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
इतिहासाला itihāsālā |
इतिहासांना itihāsānnā | |
| ergative | इतिहासाने, इतिहासानं itihāsāne, itihāsāna |
इतिहासांनी itihāsānnī | |
| instrumental | इतिहासाशी itihāsāśī |
इतिहासांशी itihāsānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
इतिहासात itihāsāt |
इतिहासांत itihāsāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
इतिहासा itihāsā |
इतिहासांनो itihāsānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of इतिहास (masc cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
इतिहासाचा itihāsāċā |
इतिहासाचे itihāsāċe |
इतिहासाची itihāsācī |
इतिहासाच्या itihāsācā |
इतिहासाचे, इतिहासाचं itihāsāċe, itihāsāċa |
इतिहासाची itihāsācī |
इतिहासाच्या itihāsācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
इतिहासांचा itihāsānċā |
इतिहासांचे itihāsānċe |
इतिहासांची itihāsāñcī |
इतिहासांच्या itihāsāncā |
इतिहासांचे, इतिहासांचं itihāsānċe, itihāsānċa |
इतिहासांची itihāsāñcī |
इतिहासांच्या itihāsāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
Related terms
- ऐतिहासिक (aitihāsik)
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “इतिहास”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Shankar Gopal Tulpule, Anne Feldhaus (1999) “इतिहास”, in A Dictionary of Old Marathi, Mumbai: Popular Prakashan
Nepali
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इतिहास (itihāsa).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [it̪i(ɦ)äs]
- Phonetic Devanagari: इतिहास्
Noun
इतिहास • (itihās)
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
Noun
इतिहास m
- Devanagari script form of itihāsa (“history”)
Declension
Declension table of "इतिहास" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | इतिहासो (itihāso) | इतिहासा (itihāsā) |
| Accusative (second) | इतिहासं (itihāsaṃ) | इतिहासे (itihāse) |
| Instrumental (third) | इतिहासेन (itihāsena) | इतिहासेहि (itihāsehi) or इतिहासेभि (itihāsebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | इतिहासस्स (itihāsassa) or इतिहासाय (itihāsāya) or इतिहासत्थं (itihāsatthaṃ) | इतिहासानं (itihāsānaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | इतिहासस्मा (itihāsasmā) or इतिहासम्हा (itihāsamhā) or इतिहासा (itihāsā) | इतिहासेहि (itihāsehi) or इतिहासेभि (itihāsebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | इतिहासस्स (itihāsassa) | इतिहासानं (itihāsānaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | इतिहासस्मिं (itihāsasmiṃ) or इतिहासम्हि (itihāsamhi) or इतिहासे (itihāse) | इतिहासेसु (itihāsesu) |
| Vocative (calling) | इतिहास (itihāsa) | इतिहासा (itihāsā) |
Sanskrit
FWOTD – 3 August 2022
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ইতিহাস (Assamese script)
- ᬇᬢᬶᬳᬵᬲ (Balinese script)
- ইতিহাস (Bengali script)
- 𑰂𑰝𑰰𑰮𑰯𑰭 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀇𑀢𑀺𑀳𑀸𑀲 (Brahmi script)
- ဣတိဟာသ (Burmese script)
- ઇતિહાસ (Gujarati script)
- ਇਤਿਹਾਸ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌇𑌤𑌿𑌹𑌾𑌸 (Grantha script)
- ꦆꦠꦶꦲꦴꦱ (Javanese script)
- 𑂅𑂞𑂱𑂯𑂰𑂮 (Kaithi script)
- ಇತಿಹಾಸ (Kannada script)
- ឥតិហាស (Khmer script)
- ອິຕິຫາສ (Lao script)
- ഇതിഹാസ (Malayalam script)
- ᡳᢠᡳᡥᠠ᠊ᠠᠰ᠌ᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘂𑘝𑘱𑘮𑘰𑘭 (Modi script)
- ᠢᢐᠢᠾᠠᢗᠰᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦢𑦽𑧒𑧎𑧑𑧍 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳 (Newa script)
- ଇତିହାସ (Odia script)
- ꢄꢡꢶꢲꢵꢱ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆅𑆠𑆴𑆲𑆳𑆱 (Sharada script)
- 𑖂𑖝𑖰𑖮𑖯𑖭 (Siddham script)
- ඉතිහාස (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩐𑩑𑩫𑩑𑪂𑩛𑪁 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚂𑚙𑚮𑚩𑚭𑚨 (Takri script)
- இதிஹாஸ (Tamil script)
- ఇతిహాస (Telugu script)
- อิติหาส (Thai script)
- ཨི་ཏི་ཧཱ་ས (Tibetan script)
- 𑒃𑒞𑒱𑒯𑒰𑒮 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨀𑨁𑨙𑨁𑨱𑨊𑨰 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From इति (iti, “thus; so; like that”, quotative particle) + ह (ha, intensifying particle) + आस (āsa, “was”, first/third person perfective), from the root अस् (as, “to be”). Literally, "so it has been; it was exactly as narrated."
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /i.ti.ɦɑː.sɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /i.t̪i.ɦɑː.s̪ɐ/
Noun
इतिहास • (itihāsá) stem, m
- legend; tradition; traditional account of history; story
- c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 15.6.4:
- स॒ बृहतीं॒ दि॒शम् अ॒नु व्य् अ॑चलत् ।
त॒म् इतिहास॒श् च पुराणं॒ च गा॒थाश् च नाराशंसी॒श् चानुव्य॑चलन् ।
इतिहास॒स्य च वै॒ स॒ पुराण॒स्य च गा॒थानां च नाराशंसी॒नां च प्रियं॒ धा॒म भवति य॒ एवं॒ वे॒द ॥- sa bṛ́hátīṃ diśám anú vy acalat.
tam ítíhā́saś cá púrā́ṇaṃ cá gāthā́ś cá nā́rā́śaṃsīś cā́núvyacalan.
ítíhā́sasyá cá vai sa púrā́ṇasyá cá gāthā́nā́ṃ cá nā́rāśaṃsīnā́ṃ cá príyaṃ dhāmá bhávátí ya évaṃ vedá.
- 1905 translation by W. D. Whitney
- He moved out toward the great quarter; after him moved out both the itihāsá ('narrative') and the purāṇá ('stories of eld') and the gā́thās ('songs') and nārāçaṅcī́s ('eulogies'). Verily both of the itihāsá and of the purāṇá and of the gā́thās and of the nārāçaṅcī́s doth he become the dear abode who knoweth thus.
- sa bṛ́hátīṃ diśám anú vy acalat.
- स॒ बृहतीं॒ दि॒शम् अ॒नु व्य् अ॑चलत् ।
- heroic legend; epic
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | इतिहासः (itihāsáḥ) | इतिहासौ (itihāsaú) इतिहासा¹ (itihāsā́¹) |
इतिहासाः (itihāsā́ḥ) इतिहासासः¹ (itihāsā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | इतिहासम् (itihāsám) | इतिहासौ (itihāsaú) इतिहासा¹ (itihāsā́¹) |
इतिहासान् (itihāsā́n) |
| instrumental | इतिहासेन (itihāséna) | इतिहासाभ्याम् (itihāsā́bhyām) | इतिहासैः (itihāsaíḥ) इतिहासेभिः¹ (itihāsébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | इतिहासाय (itihāsā́ya) | इतिहासाभ्याम् (itihāsā́bhyām) | इतिहासेभ्यः (itihāsébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | इतिहासात् (itihāsā́t) | इतिहासाभ्याम् (itihāsā́bhyām) | इतिहासेभ्यः (itihāsébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | इतिहासस्य (itihāsásya) | इतिहासयोः (itihāsáyoḥ) | इतिहासानाम् (itihāsā́nām) |
| locative | इतिहासे (itihāsé) | इतिहासयोः (itihāsáyoḥ) | इतिहासेषु (itihāséṣu) |
| vocative | इतिहास (ítihāsa) | इतिहासौ (ítihāsau) इतिहासा¹ (ítihāsā¹) |
इतिहासाः (ítihāsāḥ) इतिहासासः¹ (ítihāsāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- ऐतिहासिक (aitihāsika)
Descendants
- → Sylheti: ꠁꠔꠤꠀꠍ (itiās)
- → Assamese: ইতিহাস (itihax)
- → Bengali: ইতিহাস (itihaś)
- → Gujarati: ઇતિહાસ (itihās)
- → Hindi: इतिहास (itihās)
- → Kannada: ಇತಿಹಾಸ (itihāsa)
- → Khmer: ឥតិហាស (ʼetehaah)
- → Malayalam: ഇതിഹാസം (itihāsaṁ)
- → Marathi: इतिहास (itihās)
- → Nepali: इतिहास (itihās)
- → Newar: इतिहास (itihāsa)
- → Pali: itihāsa
- → Marwari: इतियास (itiyās)
- → Tamil: இதிகாசம் (itikācam)
- → Telugu: ఇతిహాసము (itihāsamu)
- → Urdu: اتہاس (itihās)
- → Vaghri: ઇતિહાસ (itihās) (learned)
References
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “इतिहासः”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 382
- “इतिहास॑” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 74, column 1.
- Monier Williams (1899) “Iti-hâsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 165/2.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 189
