चपल
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- চপল (Assamese script)
- ᬘᬧᬮ (Balinese script)
- চপল (Bengali script)
- 𑰓𑰢𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀘𑀧𑀮 (Brahmi script)
- စပလ (Burmese script)
- ચપલ (Gujarati script)
- ਚਪਲ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌚𑌪𑌲 (Grantha script)
- ꦕꦥꦭ (Javanese script)
- 𑂒𑂣𑂪 (Kaithi script)
- ಚಪಲ (Kannada script)
- ចបល (Khmer script)
- ຈປລ (Lao script)
- ചപല (Malayalam script)
- ᢜᠠᢒᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘓𑘢𑘩 (Modi script)
- ᢋᠠᢒᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦳𑧂𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐔𑐥𑐮 (Newa script)
- ଚପଲ (Odia script)
- ꢗꢦꢭ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆖𑆥𑆬 (Sharada script)
- 𑖓𑖢𑖩 (Siddham script)
- චපල (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩡𑩰𑩽 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚏𑚞𑚥 (Takri script)
- சபல (Tamil script)
- చపల (Telugu script)
- จปล (Thai script)
- ཙ་པ་ལ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒔𑒣𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨣𑨞𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Of unclear origin, perhaps from a zero-grade formation related to चाप (cāpa, “bow, arc”) + -ल (-la, “adjectival suffix”), as implied by Rastorgujeva and Edelman, thus "quivering like a bow".[1] A different, more phonetically bold theory posits derivation from a metathesis of a Middle Indic descendant (i.e. Pali pacala (“shaking”)) of प्रचल (pracala, “tremulous, shaking”).[2]
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.pɐ.lɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.pɐ.l̪ɐ/
- Hyphenation: च‧प‧ल
Adjective
चपल • (capalá) stem
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चपलः (capalaḥ) | चपलौ (capalau) | चपलाः (capalāḥ) |
| accusative | चपलम् (capalam) | चपलौ (capalau) | चपलान् (capalān) |
| instrumental | चपलेन (capalena) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलैः (capalaiḥ) |
| dative | चपलाय (capalāya) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलेभ्यः (capalebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चपलात् (capalāt) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलेभ्यः (capalebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चपलस्य (capalasya) | चपलयोः (capalayoḥ) | चपलानाम् (capalānām) |
| locative | चपले (capale) | चपलयोः (capalayoḥ) | चपलेषु (capaleṣu) |
| vocative | चपल (capala) | चपलौ (capalau) | चपलाः (capalāḥ) |
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चपला (capalā) | चपले (capale) | चपलाः (capalāḥ) |
| accusative | चपलाम् (capalām) | चपले (capale) | चपलाः (capalāḥ) |
| instrumental | चपलया (capalayā) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलाभिः (capalābhiḥ) |
| dative | चपलायै (capalāyai) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलाभ्यः (capalābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चपलायाः (capalāyāḥ) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलाभ्यः (capalābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चपलायाः (capalāyāḥ) | चपलयोः (capalayoḥ) | चपलानाम् (capalānām) |
| locative | चपलायाम् (capalāyām) | चपलयोः (capalayoḥ) | चपलासु (capalāsu) |
| vocative | चपले (capale) | चपले (capale) | चपलाः (capalāḥ) |
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चपलम् (capalam) | चपले (capale) | चपलानि (capalāni) |
| accusative | चपलम् (capalam) | चपले (capale) | चपलानि (capalāni) |
| instrumental | चपलेन (capalena) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलैः (capalaiḥ) |
| dative | चपलाय (capalāya) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलेभ्यः (capalebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चपलात् (capalāt) | चपलाभ्याम् (capalābhyām) | चपलेभ्यः (capalebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चपलस्य (capalasya) | चपलयोः (capalayoḥ) | चपलानाम् (capalānām) |
| locative | चपले (capale) | चपलयोः (capalayoḥ) | चपलेषु (capaleṣu) |
| vocative | चपल (capala) | चपले (capale) | चपलानि (capalāni) |
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Dameli: čawála
- Pali: capala
- Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀘𑀧𑀮 (capala)
- Prakrit: 𑀘𑀯𑀮 (cavala)
- Eastern:
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Odia: ଚହଳ (cahaḷa)
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Southern:
- Helu Prakrit:
- Dhivehi: ހައު (hau), ހައުލަ (haula)
- Sinhalese: සැවුලා (sæwulā)
- Helu Prakrit:
- Western:
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
- Gujarati: ચવળવું (cavaḷvũ)
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
- Eastern:
- Prakrit: 𑀘𑀯𑀮 (cavala)
- Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨬𐨫 (cavala)
References
- ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2003) “*²čap-, *čamp-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 226
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “capala-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 179
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899) “चपल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 388, column 2.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “capala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 253