शुभ्र
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- শুভ্ৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬸᬪ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
- শুভ্র (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰲𑰥𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀼𑀪𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ၐုဘြ (Burmese script)
- શુભ્ર (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ੁਭ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑍁𑌭𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦸꦨꦿ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂳𑂦𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಶುಭ್ರ (Kannada script)
- ឝុភ្រ (Khmer script)
- ຨຸຠ຺ຣ (Lao script)
- ശുഭ്ര (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᡠᢨᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘳𑘥𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠤᠪᠾᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧔𑧅𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐸𑐨𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଶୁଭ୍ର (Odia script)
- ꢯꢸꢩ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆶𑆨𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖲𑖥𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
- ශුභ්ර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩒𑩳 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚰𑚡𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
- ஶுப்⁴ர (Tamil script)
- శుభ్ర (Telugu script)
- ศุภฺร (Thai script)
- ཤུ་བྷྲ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒳𑒦𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨃𑨡𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱubʰ-rós, from *ḱewbʰ- (“beautiful, clean”). Cognate with Old Armenian սուրբ (surb, “pure, holy”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɕubʱ.ɾɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɕubʱ.ɾɐ/
Adjective
शुभ्र • (śubhrá) stem
- bright, radiant, shining
- beautiful, splendid
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 2.11.4:
- शु॒भ्रं नु ते॒ शुष्मं॑ व॒र्धय॑न्तः शु॒भ्रं वज्रं॑ बा॒ह्वोर्दधा॑नाः।
शु॒भ्रस्त्वमि॑न्द्र वावृधा॒नो अ॒स्मे दासी॒र्विशः॒ सूर्ये॑ण सह्याः॥- śubhráṃ nú te śúṣmaṃ vardháyantaḥ śubhráṃ vájraṃ bāhvórdádhānāḥ.
śubhrástvámindra vāvṛdhānó asmé dā́sīrvíśaḥ sū́ryeṇa sahyāḥ. - We who add strength to thine own splendid vigour, laying within thine arms the splendid thunder—
With us mayst thou, O Indra, waxen splendid, with Sūrya overcome the Dāsa races.
- śubhráṃ nú te śúṣmaṃ vardháyantaḥ śubhráṃ vájraṃ bāhvórdádhānāḥ.
- शु॒भ्रं नु ते॒ शुष्मं॑ व॒र्धय॑न्तः शु॒भ्रं वज्रं॑ बा॒ह्वोर्दधा॑नाः।
- clear, spotless
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शुभ्रः (śubhráḥ) | शुभ्रौ (śubhraú) शुभ्रा¹ (śubhrā́¹) |
शुभ्राः (śubhrā́ḥ) शुभ्रासः¹ (śubhrā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | शुभ्रम् (śubhrám) | शुभ्रौ (śubhraú) शुभ्रा¹ (śubhrā́¹) |
शुभ्रान् (śubhrā́n) |
| instrumental | शुभ्रेण (śubhréṇa) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्रैः (śubhraíḥ) शुभ्रेभिः¹ (śubhrébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शुभ्राय (śubhrā́ya) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्रेभ्यः (śubhrébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शुभ्रात् (śubhrā́t) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्रेभ्यः (śubhrébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शुभ्रस्य (śubhrásya) | शुभ्रयोः (śubhráyoḥ) | शुभ्राणाम् (śubhrā́ṇām) |
| locative | शुभ्रे (śubhré) | शुभ्रयोः (śubhráyoḥ) | शुभ्रेषु (śubhréṣu) |
| vocative | शुभ्र (śúbhra) | शुभ्रौ (śúbhrau) शुभ्रा¹ (śúbhrā¹) |
शुभ्राः (śúbhrāḥ) शुभ्रासः¹ (śúbhrāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शुभ्रा (śubhrā́) | शुभ्रे (śubhré) | शुभ्राः (śubhrā́ḥ) |
| accusative | शुभ्राम् (śubhrā́m) | शुभ्रे (śubhré) | शुभ्राः (śubhrā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | शुभ्रया (śubhráyā) शुभ्रा¹ (śubhrā́¹) |
शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्राभिः (śubhrā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | शुभ्रायै (śubhrā́yai) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्राभ्यः (śubhrā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शुभ्रायाः (śubhrā́yāḥ) शुभ्रायै² (śubhrā́yai²) |
शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्राभ्यः (śubhrā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शुभ्रायाः (śubhrā́yāḥ) शुभ्रायै² (śubhrā́yai²) |
शुभ्रयोः (śubhráyoḥ) | शुभ्राणाम् (śubhrā́ṇām) |
| locative | शुभ्रायाम् (śubhrā́yām) | शुभ्रयोः (śubhráyoḥ) | शुभ्रासु (śubhrā́su) |
| vocative | शुभ्रे (śúbhre) | शुभ्रे (śúbhre) | शुभ्राः (śúbhrāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शुभ्रम् (śubhrám) | शुभ्रे (śubhré) | शुभ्राणि (śubhrā́ṇi) शुभ्रा¹ (śubhrā́¹) |
| accusative | शुभ्रम् (śubhrám) | शुभ्रे (śubhré) | शुभ्राणि (śubhrā́ṇi) शुभ्रा¹ (śubhrā́¹) |
| instrumental | शुभ्रेण (śubhréṇa) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्रैः (śubhraíḥ) शुभ्रेभिः¹ (śubhrébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शुभ्राय (śubhrā́ya) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्रेभ्यः (śubhrébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शुभ्रात् (śubhrā́t) | शुभ्राभ्याम् (śubhrā́bhyām) | शुभ्रेभ्यः (śubhrébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शुभ्रस्य (śubhrásya) | शुभ्रयोः (śubhráyoḥ) | शुभ्राणाम् (śubhrā́ṇām) |
| locative | शुभ्रे (śubhré) | शुभ्रयोः (śubhráyoḥ) | शुभ्रेषु (śubhréṣu) |
| vocative | शुभ्र (śúbhra) | शुभ्रे (śúbhre) | शुभ्राणि (śúbhrāṇi) शुभ्रा¹ (śúbhrā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Borrowed terms
- → Telugu: శుభ్రము (śubhramu)
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (šulā, “clay”)
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀪 (subbha, “white”)
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “शुभ्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1084.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 647; 657-8
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “śubhrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press