ਉਪ-

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उप- (upa-).

ਉਪ- • (upa-)

1. subordinate, sub-, epi-

   ‎ਉਪ- (upa-) + ‎ਗ੍ਰਹਿ (grhi, “planet”) → ‎ਉਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ (upagrhi, “moon, satellite”)

   ‎ਉਪ- (upa-) + ‎ਸਮੂਹ (samūh, “set, group”) → ‎ਉਪਸਮੂਹ (upsamūh, “subset”)

2. lesser, vice-

   ‎ਉਪ- (upa-) + ‎ਕੁਲਪਤੀ (kulpatī, “chancellor”) → ‎ਉਪਕੁਲਪਤੀ (upakulpatī, “vice chancellor”)

   ‎ਉਪ- (upa-) + ‎ਮੰਤਰੀ (mantrī, “minister”) → ‎ਉਪਮੰਤਰੀ (upamantrī, “deputy minister”)

• “ਉਪ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2025