ἀρόω
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érh₃-ye-, a ye-present from the root *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Cognates include Old Armenian արաւր (arawr), Latin arō, Old Church Slavonic орати (orati), and Old English erian (Early Modern English ear). Related to ἄροτρον (árotron, “a plough”).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /a.ró.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /aˈro.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /aˈro.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /aˈro.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /aˈro.o/
Verb
ἀρόω • (aróō)
Usage notes
- The Epic present forms ἀρόωσι (aróōsi), ἀρόῃς (aróēis), and ἀρόμμεναι (arómmenai) are attested.
- The Ionic perfect participle ἀρηρομένος (arēroménos) is attested.
Inflection
Present: ἀρῶ, ἀροῦμαι (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἀρῶ | ἀροῖς | ἀροῖ | ἀροῦτον | ἀροῦτον | ἀροῦμεν | ἀροῦτε | ἀροῦσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀρῶ | ἀροῖς | ἀροῖ | ἀρῶτον | ἀρῶτον | ἀρῶμεν | ἀρῶτε | ἀρῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἀροίην / ἀροῖμῐ | ἀροίης / ἀροῖς | ἀροίη / ἀροῖ | ἀροῖτον / ἀροίητον | ἀροίτην / ἀροιήτην | ἀροῖμεν / ἀροίημεν | ἀροῖτε / ἀροίητε | ἀροῖεν / ἀροίησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ἄρου | ἀρούτω | ἀροῦτον | ἀρούτων | ἀροῦτε | ἀρούντων | |||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἀροῦμαι | ἀροῖ | ἀροῦται | ἀροῦσθον | ἀροῦσθον | ἀρούμεθᾰ | ἀροῦσθε | ἀροῦνται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀρῶμαι | ἀροῖ | ἀρῶται | ἀρῶσθον | ἀρῶσθον | ἀρώμεθᾰ | ἀρῶσθε | ἀρῶνται | |||||
| optative | ἀροίμην | ἀροῖο | ἀροῖτο | ἀροῖσθον | ἀροίσθην | ἀροίμεθᾰ | ἀροῖσθε | ἀροῖντο | |||||
| imperative | ἀροῦ | ἀρούσθω | ἀροῦσθον | ἀρούσθων | ἀροῦσθε | ἀρούσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἀροῦν | ἀροῦσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἀρῶν | ἀρούμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἀροῦσᾰ | ἀρουμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἀροῦν | ἀρούμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἤρουν, ἠρούμην (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἤρουν | ἤρους | ἤρου | ἠροῦτον | ἠρούτην | ἠροῦμεν | ἠροῦτε | ἤρουν | ||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἠρούμην | ἠροῦ | ἠροῦτο | ἠροῦσθον | ἠρούσθην | ἠρούμεθᾰ | ἠροῦσθε | ἠροῦντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: ἀρόσω, ἀρόσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἀρόσω | ἀρόσεις | ἀρόσει | ἀρόσετον | ἀρόσετον | ἀρόσομεν | ἀρόσετε | ἀρόσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ἀρόσοιμῐ | ἀρόσοις | ἀρόσοι | ἀρόσοιτον | ἀροσοίτην | ἀρόσοιμεν | ἀρόσοιτε | ἀρόσοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ἀρόσομαι | ἀρόσῃ / ἀρόσει | ἀρόσεται | ἀρόσεσθον | ἀρόσεσθον | ἀροσόμεθᾰ | ἀρόσεσθε | ἀρόσονται | ||||
| optative | ἀροσοίμην | ἀρόσοιο | ἀρόσοιτο | ἀρόσοισθον | ἀροσοίσθην | ἀροσοίμεθᾰ | ἀρόσοισθε | ἀρόσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἀρόσειν | ἀρόσεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἀρόσων | ἀροσόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἀρόσουσᾰ | ἀροσομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἀρόσον | ἀροσόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: ἀρόσσω, ἀρόσσομαι (poetic)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἀρόσσω | ἀρόσσεις | ἀρόσσει | ἀρόσσετον | ἀρόσσετον | ἀρόσσομεν | ἀρόσσετε | ἀρόσσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ἀρόσσοιμῐ | ἀρόσσοις | ἀρόσσοι | ἀρόσσοιτον | ἀροσσοίτην | ἀρόσσοιμεν | ἀρόσσοιτε | ἀρόσσοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ἀρόσσομαι | ἀρόσσεαι | ἀρόσσεται | ἀρόσσεσθον | ἀρόσσεσθον | ἀροσσόμεθᾰ | ἀρόσσεσθε | ἀρόσσονται | ||||
| optative | ἀροσσοίμην | ἀρόσσοιο | ἀρόσσοιτο | ἀρόσσοισθον | ἀροσσοίσθην | ἀροσσοίμεθᾰ | ἀρόσσοισθε | ἀρόσσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἀρόσσειν | ἀρόσσεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἀρόσσων | ἀροσσόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἀρόσσουσᾰ | ἀροσσομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἀρόσσον | ἀροσσόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἤροσᾰ, ἠροσᾰ́μην, ἠρόθην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἤροσᾰ | ἤροσᾰς | ἤροσε(ν) | ἠρόσᾰτον | ἠροσᾰ́την | ἠρόσᾰμεν | ἠρόσᾰτε | ἤροσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀρόσω | ἀρόσῃς | ἀρόσῃ | ἀρόσητον | ἀρόσητον | ἀρόσωμεν | ἀρόσητε | ἀρόσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἀρόσαιμῐ | ἀρόσειᾰς / ἀρόσαις | ἀρόσειε(ν) / ἀρόσαι | ἀρόσαιτον | ἀροσαίτην | ἀρόσαιμεν | ἀρόσαιτε | ἀρόσειᾰν / ἀρόσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἄροσον | ἀροσᾰ́τω | ἀρόσᾰτον | ἀροσᾰ́των | ἀρόσᾰτε | ἀροσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἠροσᾰ́μην | ἠρόσω | ἠρόσᾰτο | ἠρόσᾰσθον | ἠροσᾰ́σθην | ἠροσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἠρόσᾰσθε | ἠρόσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀρόσωμαι | ἀρόσῃ | ἀρόσηται | ἀρόσησθον | ἀρόσησθον | ἀροσώμεθᾰ | ἀρόσησθε | ἀρόσωνται | |||||
| optative | ἀροσαίμην | ἀρόσαιο | ἀρόσαιτο | ἀρόσαισθον | ἀροσαίσθην | ἀροσαίμεθᾰ | ἀρόσαισθε | ἀρόσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἄροσαι | ἀροσᾰ́σθω | ἀρόσᾰσθον | ἀροσᾰ́σθων | ἀρόσᾰσθε | ἀροσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἠρόθην | ἠρόθης | ἠρόθη | ἠρόθητον | ἠροθήτην | ἠρόθημεν | ἠρόθητε | ἠρόθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀροθῶ | ἀροθῇς | ἀροθῇ | ἀροθῆτον | ἀροθῆτον | ἀροθῶμεν | ἀροθῆτε | ἀροθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἀροθείην | ἀροθείης | ἀροθείη | ἀροθεῖτον / ἀροθείητον | ἀροθείτην / ἀροθειήτην | ἀροθεῖμεν / ἀροθείημεν | ἀροθεῖτε / ἀροθείητε | ἀροθεῖεν / ἀροθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ἀρόθητῐ | ἀροθήτω | ἀρόθητον | ἀροθήτων | ἀρόθητε | ἀροθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ἀρόσαι | ἀρόσᾰσθαι | ἀροθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ἀρόσᾱς | ἀροσᾰ́μενος | ἀροθείς | |||||||||
| f | ἀρόσᾱσᾰ | ἀροσᾰμένη | ἀροθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ἀρόσᾰν | ἀροσᾰ́μενον | ἀροθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾱ̓́ροσᾰ | ᾱ̓́ροσᾰς | ᾱ̓́ροσε(ν) | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰτον | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́την | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰμεν | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰτε | ᾱ̓́ροσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾱ̓ρόσω | ᾱ̓ρόσῃς | ᾱ̓ρόσῃ | ᾱ̓ρόσητον | ᾱ̓ρόσητον | ᾱ̓ρόσωμεν | ᾱ̓ρόσητε | ᾱ̓ρόσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾱ̓ρόσαιμῐ | ᾱ̓ρόσειᾰς / ᾱ̓ρόσαις | ᾱ̓ρόσειε(ν) / ᾱ̓ρόσαι | ᾱ̓ροσεῖτον | ᾱ̓ροσείτην | ᾱ̓ροσεῖμεν | ᾱ̓ροσεῖτε | ᾱ̓ροσεῖεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾱ̓́ροσον | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́τω | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰτον | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́των | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰτε | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́μην | ᾱ̓ρόσω | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰτο | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰσθον | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́σθην | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰσθε | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾱ̓ρόσωμαι | ᾱ̓ρόσηαι | ᾱ̓ρόσηται | ᾱ̓ρόσησθον | ᾱ̓ρόσησθον | ᾱ̓ροσώμεθᾰ | ᾱ̓ρόσησθε | ᾱ̓ρόσωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾱ̓ροσαίμην | ᾱ̓ρόσαιο | ᾱ̓ρόσαιτο | ᾱ̓ρόσαισθον | ᾱ̓ροσαίσθην | ᾱ̓ροσαίμεθᾰ | ᾱ̓ρόσαισθε | ᾱ̓ρόσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ᾱ̓́ροσαι | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́σθω | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰσθον | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́σθων | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰσθε | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾱ̓ρόσαι | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾱ̓ρόσᾱς | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́μενος | ||||||||||
| f | ᾱ̓ρόσᾱσᾰ | ᾱ̓ροσᾰμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ᾱ̓ρόσᾰν | ᾱ̓ροσᾰ́μενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾱ̓́ροσσᾰ | ᾱ̓́ροσσᾰς | ᾱ̓́ροσσε(ν) | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰτον | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́την | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰμεν | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰτε | ᾱ̓́ροσσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾱ̓ρόσσω | ᾱ̓ρόσσῃς | ᾱ̓ρόσσῃ | ᾱ̓ρόσσητον | ᾱ̓ρόσσητον | ᾱ̓ρόσσωμεν | ᾱ̓ρόσσητε | ᾱ̓ρόσσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾱ̓ρόσσαιμῐ | ᾱ̓ρόσσειᾰς / ᾱ̓ρόσσαις | ᾱ̓ρόσσειε(ν) / ᾱ̓ρόσσαι | ᾱ̓ροσσεῖτον | ᾱ̓ροσσείτην | ᾱ̓ροσσεῖμεν | ᾱ̓ροσσεῖτε | ᾱ̓ροσσεῖεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾱ̓́ροσσον | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́τω | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰτον | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́των | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰτε | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́μην | ᾱ̓ρόσσω | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰτο | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰσθον | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́σθην | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰσθε | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾱ̓ρόσσωμαι | ᾱ̓ρόσσηαι | ᾱ̓ρόσσηται | ᾱ̓ρόσσησθον | ᾱ̓ρόσσησθον | ᾱ̓ροσσώμεθᾰ | ᾱ̓ρόσσησθε | ᾱ̓ρόσσωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾱ̓ροσσαίμην | ᾱ̓ρόσσαιο | ᾱ̓ρόσσαιτο | ᾱ̓ρόσσαισθον | ᾱ̓ροσσαίσθην | ᾱ̓ροσσαίμεθᾰ | ᾱ̓ρόσσαισθε | ᾱ̓ρόσσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ᾱ̓́ροσσαι | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́σθω | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰσθον | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́σθων | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰσθε | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾱ̓ρόσσαι | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾱς | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́μενος | ||||||||||
| f | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾱσᾰ | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ᾱ̓ρόσσᾰν | ᾱ̓ροσσᾰ́μενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Perfect: ἀρήρομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἀρήρομαι | ἀρήροσαι | ἀρήροται | ἀρήροσθον | ἀρήροσθον | ἀρηρόμεθᾰ | ἀρήροσθε | ἀρήρονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀρηρομένος ὦ | ἀρηρομένος ᾖς | ἀρηρομένος ᾖ | ἀρηρομένω ἦτον | ἀρηρομένω ἦτον | ἀρηρομένοι ὦμεν | ἀρηρομένοι ἦτε | ἀρηρομένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἀρηρομένος εἴην | ἀρηρομένος εἴης | ἀρηρομένος εἴη | ἀρηρομένω εἴητον / εἶτον | ἀρηρομένω εἰήτην / εἴτην | ἀρηρομένοι εἴημεν / εἶμεν | ἀρηρομένοι εἴητε / εἶτε | ἀρηρομένοι εἴησᾰν / εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ἀρήροσο | ἀρηρόσθω | ἀρήροσθον | ἀρηρόσθων | ἀρήροσθε | ἀρηρόσθων | |||||||
| middle/passive | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἀρηρόσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | ἀρηρομένος | |||||||||||
| f | ἀρηρομένη | ||||||||||||
| n | ἀρηρομένον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Pluperfect: ἀρηρόμην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ passive |
indicative | ἀρηρόμην | ἀρήροσο | ἀρήροτο | ἀρήροσθον | ἀρηρόσθην | ἀρηρόμεθᾰ | ἀρήροσθε | ἀρήροντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
References
- “ἀρόω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἀρόω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἀρόω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἀρόω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ἀρόω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ἀρόω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
- “ἀρόω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- ἀρόω in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften