ἐκ

See also: εκ, εκ., and ἐκ-

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

  • ἐξ (ex) — before a vowel, both in compounds and as a separate word

Etymology

    From Proto-Hellenic *eks, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out of”).[1][2]

    Cognates include Latin ex, ē, Old Irish ess-, a, ass (Irish as), Lithuanian i̇̀š, Old Church Slavonic из (iz), Northern Kurdish ji, Albanian ith.

    The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation.

    Pronunciation

     

    Preposition

    ἐκ • (ek) (governs the genitive)

    1. (of place)
      1. (of motion) Out of, from
      2. from, with the source of
        ἐξ Ἰταλίας
        ex Italías
        from Italy
      3. to denote change from one place or condition to another
        ἐκ τῆς οἰκίᾱς αὐτῶν, κεἰς τὴν μου
        ek tês oikíās autôn, keis tḕn mou
        from their house, and into mine
      4. to express separation of distinction from a number
      5. (of position) outside, beyond
    2. (of time)
      1. from, since
      2. (of particular points of time) just, after
        ἐκ τούτου
        ek toútou
        after this
      3. during, in
    3. (of origin)
      1. (of materials) made out of something
      2. (of descent, parentage) descended from
        ἐκ πατρὸς εὐγενοῦς
        ek patròs eugenoûs
        (born) of a noble father
        ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων
        ek tôn homoíōn
        of an equal
      3. (of causation) done by someone, something
      4. of the cause, instrument, or means by which a thing is done
      5. from, according to
        ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον
        ek toû karpoû tò déndron
        from the fruit the tree (is judged)
      6. turns a following noun into a periphrastic adverb
      7. (with numerals) in such an order

    Usage notes

    • In Attic inscriptions (not in literary writing), ἐξ (ex) is found before words beginning with σ, ξ, ζ, ρ, and sometimes λ.
    • In inscriptions, the compound may appear as ἐγ- before β, δ, λ, μ, and ν, but this does not happen in literary writing (e.g. ἐκλελέχθαι (eklelékhthai)).

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Greek: εκ (ek), ξε- (xe-)
    • Esperanto: ek-
    • Ido: ek

    References

    1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐκ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395
    2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐξ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433

    Further reading

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