ἐχθρός

See also: εχθρός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”), perhaps with suffix -ρός (-rós). If so, then Latin exter (< Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-teros) is a particularly close cognate. See also ἔχθος (ékhthos, “hatred, enmity”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ekʰ.tʰrós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ekʰˈtʰros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /exˈθros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /exˈθros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /exˈθros/

Adjective

ἐχθρός • (ekhthrós) m (feminine ἐχθρᾱ́, neuter ἐχθρόν); first/second declension

(with passive meaning) hated, hateful
(with active meaning) hating, hostile [with dative or genitive ‘to someone or something’]
(masculine or feminine, as substantive) enemy
(ἐχθρόν ἐστι (ekhthrón esti), impersonal) it is displeasing, distasteful, unpleasant [with dative ‘for someone’ and infinitive ‘to do’]

Inflection

First and second declension of ἐχθρός; ἐχθρᾱ́; ἐχθρόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ἐχθρός ekhthrós	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθροί ekhthroí	ἐχθραί ekhthraí	ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrắ
Genitive	ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû	ἐχθρᾶς ekhthrâs	ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû	ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn	ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn	ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn	ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn	ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn	ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn
Dative	ἐχθρῷ ekhthrōî	ἐχθρᾷ ekhthrāî	ἐχθρῷ ekhthrōî	ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn	ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn	ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn	ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs	ἐχθραῖς ekhthraîs	ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs
Accusative	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón	ἐχθρᾱ́ν ekhthrā́n	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρούς ekhthroús	ἐχθρᾱ́ς ekhthrā́s	ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrắ
Vocative	ἐχθρέ ekhthré	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρόν ekhthrón	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́	ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ	ἐχθροί ekhthroí	ἐχθραί ekhthraí	ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ἐχθρῶς ekhthrôs			ἐχθρότερος / ἐχθῐ́ων ekhthróteros / ekhthĭ́ōn			ἐχθρότᾰτος / ἔχθῐστος ekhthrótătos / ékhthĭstos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἐχθρόξενος (ekhthróxenos)
ἐχθαίρω (ekhthaírō)
ἐχθραίνω (ekhthraínō)

Related terms

ἐχθάνομαι (ekhthánomai)
ἔχθος (ékhthos)
ἔχθρα (ékhthra)
ἔχθω (ékhthō)

Descendants

Greek: εχθρός (echthrós), οχτρός (ochtrós)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔχθος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 488-9

“ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ἐχθρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἐχθρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ἐχθρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
“ἐχθρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G2190 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- adverse idem, page 15.
- antagonistic idem, page 32.
- averse idem, page 55.
- bitter idem, page 80.
- enemy idem, page 273.
- foe idem, page 331.
- ground idem, page 375.
- hostile idem, page 407.
- inimical idem, page 441.
- rebellious idem, page 677.
- unfriendly idem, page 919.

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔχθος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 488-9

[1]