促

促	U+4FC3, 促 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC3

← 係
[U+4FC2]

CJK Unified Ideographs

俄 →
[U+4FC4]

Translingual

Han character

促 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人口卜人 (ORYO), four-corner 2628₁, composition ⿰亻足)

Derived characters

𮚼

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 104, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 664
Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 161, character 2
Unihan data for U+4FC3

Chinese

simp. and trad.		促

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 促
Small seal script s05878
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (足) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
足	ʔsoɡs, ʔsoɡ
莡	*sʰaːwɢ
捉	*ʔsoːɡ
齪	sʰroːɡ, sʰruɡ
娖	*zroːɡ
浞	*zroːɡ
鋜	*zroːɡ
趗	sʰoːɡ, sʰoɡ
珿	*sʰruɡ
哫	*ʔsoɡ
促	*sʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sʰoɡ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 足 (OC *ʔsoɡs, *ʔsoɡ).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): cù (cu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cuk¹
Eastern Min (BUC): ché̤ṳk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chhiok / chhiak / chhek

(Teochew, Peng'im): cog⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: cù
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cù
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻu⁴
  - Yale: tsù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuh
  - Palladius: цу (cu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: cuk¹
  - Yale: chūk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsuk⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: cug¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊk̚⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ché̤ṳk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰøyʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiok
  - Tâi-lô: tshiok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chiog
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiak
  - Tâi-lô: tshiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chiag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhek
  - Tâi-lô: tshik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zheg
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Note:

chhiok - literary;
chhiak/chhek - vernacular (“to shorten the distance; to limply tie a knot”).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: cog⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshok
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰok̚²/

Middle Chinese: tshjowk

Rime
Character	促
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	燭 (8)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七玉切
Baxter	tshjowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰɨok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰiok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰuawk̚/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiok̚/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭwok̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯wok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cuk¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sʰoɡ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	促
Reading #	1/1
No.	17927
Phonetic component	足
Rime group	屋
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*sʰoɡ/

Definitions

促

short; hurried; urgent (of time)
- 夏、商、周、漢封建而延，秦郡邑而促。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  夏、商、周、汉封建而延，秦郡邑而促。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 805～814, Liu Zongyuan (柳宗元),《封建論》 (“On Feudalism”)
  Xià, Shāng, Zhōu, Hàn fēngjiàn ér yán, Qín jùnyì ér cù. [Pinyin]
  The Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Han dynasties implemented feudalism, which prolonged their rule, whereas the Qin dynasty adopted the prefectural-county system, which hastened its demise.
- 宋、齊、梁、陳、元魏已下，事佛漸謹，年代尤促。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  宋、齐、梁、陈、元魏已下，事佛渐谨，年代尤促。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: 819 February 11, Han Yu, On a Bone from Buddha’s Body（《論佛骨表》）
  Sòng, Qí, Liáng, Chén, Yuánwèi yǐxià, shì fó jiàn jǐn, niándài yóu cù. [Pinyin]
  During the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei and afterwards, the reverence for Buddhism gradually increased, but at the same time the durations of these dynasties became increasingly brief.
to come close to; to become near
促膝 ― cùxī ― to sit knee to knee
to urge; to promote
(Hokkien) to shorten the distance
(Mainland China Hokkien) to limply tie a knot

Compounds

促使 (cùshǐ)
侷促 (júcù)
促促
侷促一隅
侷促不安
促坐
促席
促忙 (cùmáng)
促忙促急
促成 (cùchéng)
促拍
促掐
促步 (cùbù)
促狹 / 促狭 (cùxiá)
促狹鬼 / 促狭鬼
促病
促發 / 促发
促眉
促織 / 促织 (cùzhī)
促聲 / 促声 (cùshēng)
促脈 / 促脉
促膝
促膝談心 / 促膝谈心
促膝長談 / 促膝长谈
促裝 / 促装 (cùzhuāng)
促請 / 促请 (cùqǐng)
促趲 / 促趱
促迫 (cùpò)
促進 / 促进 (cùjìn)
促銷 / 促销 (cùxiāo)
促音 (cùyīn)
倉促 / 仓促 (cāngcù)
催促 (cuīcù)
刺促
匆促 (cōngcù)
局促 (júcù)
局促一隅
局促不安
急促 (jícù)
敦促 (dūncù)
督促 (dūcù)
短促 (duǎncù)
短壽促命 / 短寿促命
短局促
窘促 (jiǒngcù)
緊促 / 紧促 (jǐncù)
聯合促銷 / 联合促销
脆促
跼促 (júcù)
蹇促
迫促 (pòcù)
逼促
鬼促促

Descendants

→ Vietnamese: thúc

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 促 – see 齪 (“cautious; careful; meticulous; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 齪).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 促 – see 蹙 (“to knit; to approach; to close in on; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 蹙).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Japanese

Kanji

促

(Jōyō kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: そく (soku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: しょく (shoku)
Kun: うながす (unagasu, 促す, Jōyō)、せまる (semaru, 促る)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
促
そく Grade: S
goon

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [so̞kɯ̟]

Noun

促(そく) • (soku)

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Derived terms

促(そく)音(おん) (sokuon, “sokuon”)
促(そく)進(しん) (sokushin, “promotion”)
催(さい)促(そく) (saisoku, “demand, urging”)
販(はん)促(そく) (hansoku, “sales promotion”)
販(はん)売(ばい)促(そく)進(しん) (hanbaisokushin, “sales promotion”)

Korean

Hanja

促 (eum 촉 (chok))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

促: Hán Nôm readings: xúc, thúc

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation