商う
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 商 |
| あきな Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
From 秋 (aki, “autumn”) + なう (-nau, verb-forming suffix[1][2]), because trade was done in the autumn after the harvest.[3][4]
Pronunciation
Verb
商う • (akinau) ←あきなふ (akinafu)?transitive godan (stem 商い (akinai), past 商った (akinatta))
- to deal in; to buy and sell; to trade
- 品物を商う
- shinamono o akinau
- to trade in goods
- 977–999, 宇津保物語:
- その物を貯へて市し商はばこそ賢からめ
- Having saved up these things, if you trade them in the city, you would be wise.
- 品物を商う
Conjugation
Conjugation of "商う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 商わ | あきなわ | akinawa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 商い | あきない | akinai |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 商う | あきなう | akinau |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 商う | あきなう | akinau |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 商え | あきなえ | akinae |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 商え | あきなえ | akinae |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 商われる | あきなわれる | akinawareru |
| Causative | 商わせる 商わす |
あきなわせる あきなわす |
akinawaseru akinawasu |
| Potential | 商える | あきなえる | akinaeru |
| Volitional | 商おう | あきなおう | akinaō |
| Negative | 商わない | あきなわない | akinawanai |
| Negative continuative | 商わず | あきなわず | akinawazu |
| Formal | 商います | あきないます | akinaimasu |
| Perfective | 商った | あきなった | akinatta |
| Conjunctive | 商って | あきなって | akinatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 商えば | あきなえば | akinaeba |
Classical conjugation of "商ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 商は | あきなは | akinafa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 商ひ | あきなひ | akinafi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 商ふ | あきなふ | akinafu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 商ふ | あきなふ | akinafu |
| Realis (已然形) | 商へ | あきなへ | akinafe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 商へ | あきなへ | akinafe |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 商はず | あきなはず | akinafazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 商へど | あきなへど | akinafedo |
| Causal conjunction | 商へば | あきなへば | akinafeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 商はば | あきなはば | akinafaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 商ひき | あきなひき | akinafiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 商ひけり | あきなひけり | akinafikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 商ひつ | あきなひつ | akinafitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 商ひぬ | あきなひぬ | akinafinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 商へり 商ひたり |
あきなへり あきなひたり |
akinaferi akinafitari |
| Volitional | 商はむ | あきなはむ | akinafamu |
Derived terms
- 商い (akinai)
References
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ https://gogen-yurai.jp/akinai/
- ^ “Archived copy”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], 18 May 2023 (last accessed), archived from the original on 18 May 2023
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN