壟

See also: 垄

壟	U+58DF, 壟 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DF

← 壞
[U+58DE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

壠 →
[U+58E0]

壟	U+F942, 壟 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F942

← 論
[U+F941]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

弄 →
[U+F943]

Translingual

Han character

壟 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 卜心土 (YPG), four-corner 0110₄, composition ⿱龍土)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5591
Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 4
Unihan data for U+58DF

Unihan data for U+F942

Chinese

trad.		壟
simp.		垄
alternative forms		壠／垅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
驡	ʔslaːŋʔ, roŋ
龐	*broːŋ
瀧	rroːŋ, sroːŋ, *roːŋ
籠	roːŋ, roːŋʔ, *roŋ
豅	*roːŋ
朧	roːŋ, roŋs
龓	roːŋ, roːŋʔ
聾	*roːŋ
礱	roːŋ, roːŋs
嚨	*roːŋ
蘢	roːŋ, roŋ
櫳	*roːŋ
襱	roːŋ, roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ
瓏	*roːŋ
曨	roːŋ, roːŋʔ
鸗	roːŋ, roŋ
蠪	*roːŋ
巃	*roːŋʔ
竉	*roːŋʔ
攏	*roːŋʔ
儱	roːŋʔ, roŋs
龍	b·roŋ, mroːŋ
躘	roŋ, roŋs
隴	*roŋʔ
壠	*roŋʔ
壟	*roŋʔ
寵	*r̥ʰoŋʔ
龏	kloŋ, kloŋs, *qroːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *roŋʔ): phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ) + semantic 土 (“earth”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lǒng (long³)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁵
Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): liung¹ / lung³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lióng / lóng / lěng / lēng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lǒng
  - Wade–Giles: lung³
  - Yale: lǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loong
  - Palladius: лун (lun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lung⁵
  - Yale: lúhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: lung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ¹³/
Hakka
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: liung¹ / lung³
  - Sinological IPA: /liʊŋ⁴⁴/, /lʊŋ³¹/

Note:

liung1 - vernacular;
lung3 - literary.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng
  - Tâi-lô: lióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liorng
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /liɔŋ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng
  - Tâi-lô: lóng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lorng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /lɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lěng
  - Tâi-lô: lǐng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lēng
  - Tâi-lô: līng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: leng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ²²/

Note:

lióng - literary;
lěng/lēng - vernacular;
lóng - vernacular (俗).

Middle Chinese: ljowngX

Rime
Character	壟
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力踵切
Baxter	ljowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/lioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/lioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/lioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/lĭwoŋ^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/li̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung⁵

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*roŋʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壟
Reading #	1/1
No.	8444
Phonetic component	龍
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	隴
Old Chinese	/*roŋʔ/
Notes	壠注或體見方言

Definitions

壟

Compounds

丘壟 / 丘垄
入壟 / 入垄
壟作 / 垄作
壟墓 / 垄墓
壟斷 / 垄断 (lǒngduàn)
壟斷市場 / 垄断市场
壟斷獨登 / 垄断独登
壟斷資本 / 垄断资本
壟溝 / 垄沟 (lǒnggōu)
壟畝之臣 / 垄亩之臣
後壟
瓦壟 / 瓦垄 (wǎlǒng)
瓦壟子 / 瓦垄子
登壟 / 登垄
輟耕壟上 / 辍耕垄上

Japanese

Kanji

壟

(Hyōgai kanji)

mound
grave
rice field dike

Readings

Go-on: る (ru)
Kan-on: りょう (ryō)
Kan’yō-on: ろう (rō)
Kun: うね (une, 壟)、おか (oka, 壟)、つか (tsuka, 壟)

Korean

Hanja

壟 • (rong) (hangeul 롱, revised rong, McCune–Reischauer rong)

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Vietnamese

Han character

壟: Hán Nôm readings: lũng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.