干戈

Chinese

		shield	spear
simp. and trad. (干戈)		干	戈

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāngē

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢㄍㄜ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gon¹ gwo¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kôn-khô

(Hailu, HRS): gon^ˋ ko^ˋ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan-ko͘ / kan-ko

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāngē
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄢㄍㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gange
  - Wade–Giles: kan¹-ko¹
  - Yale: gān-gē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gange
  - Palladius: ганьгэ (ganʹgɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gon¹ gwo¹
  - Yale: gōn gwō
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹ gwo¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gon¹ guo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn-khô
  - Hakka Romanization System: gon^ˊ ko^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gon¹ ko¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gon^ˋ ko^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kon⁵³ kʰo⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko͘
  - Tâi-lô: kan-koo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kankof
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ kɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko
  - Tâi-lô: kan-ko
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kankoy
  - IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: kan kwa

Rime
Character	干	戈
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古寒切	古禾切
Baxter	kan	kwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan/	/kwa/
Li Rong	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Wang Li	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gān	guō
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon¹	gwo¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r] kʷˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːn koːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	干	戈
Reading #	2/4	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gān	gē
Middle Chinese	‹ kan ›	‹ kwa ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁa[r]/	/*kʷˁaj/
English	shield (n.)	dagger-axe
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	干	戈
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3570	3831
Phonetic component	干	戈
Rime group	元	歌
Rime subdivision	1	3
Corresponding MC rime	干	戈
Old Chinese	/*kaːn/	/*koːl/

Noun

干戈

the weapons of war; arms
(figurative) the chaos of war; battle; warfare

Derived terms

化干戈為玉帛 (huà gāngē wéi yùbó)
大動干戈

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (干戈):

→ Japanese: 干(かん)戈(か) (kanka)
→ Korean: 간과(干戈) (gan'gwa)
→ Vietnamese: can qua (干戈)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
干	戈
かん Grade: 6	か Hyōgai
on'yomi

Etymology

/kankwa/ → /kanka/

From Middle Chinese compound 干戈 (kan kwa, literally “shield + polearm, spear”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かんか [káꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [kã̠ŋka̠]

Noun

干(かん)戈(か) • (kanka) ^{←かんくわ (kankwa)^?}

literally “shields and spears”: a metaphor for weaponry or military force
conflict

Idioms

干戈に訴える (かんかにうったえる, kanka ni uttaeru): a call to arms
干戈を動かす (かんかをうごかす, kanka o ugokasu): mobilize for war
干戈を収める (かんかをおさめる, kanka o osameru) / 干戈を箱に入れ弓を袋に入る (かんかをはこにいれゆみをふくろにいる, kanka o hako ni ire yumi o fukuro ni iru): disarm, demobilize, return to peace
干戈を交える (かんかをまじえる, kanka o majieru): cross swords, exchange hostilities, fight

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
干	戈

Noun

干戈 • (gan'gwa) (hangeul 간과)

hanja form^? of 간과 (“battle; warfare”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
干	戈

Noun

干戈

chữ Hán form of can qua (“battle; warfare”)