恐る
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 恐 |
| おそ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [o̞so̞ɾɯ̟]
Verb
恐る • (osoru) †nidan
- Classical Japanese form of おそれる (osoreru, “to fear”)
Usage notes
- Prior to the Heian period this term conjugated using the 上二段 (kami-nidan, “upper bigrade”), 下二段 (shimo-nidan, “lower bigrade”), and 四段 (yodan, “quadrigrade”) conjugation patterns. The upper bigrade pattern is considered the oldest, but eventually only the lower bigrade pattern remained, which developed into modern 恐れる (osoreru).[1]
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "恐る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 恐ら | おそら | osora |
| Continuative (連用形) | 恐り | おそり | osori |
| Terminal (終止形) | 恐る | おそる | osoru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 恐る | おそる | osoru |
| Realis (已然形) | 恐れ | おそれ | osore |
| Imperative (命令形) | 恐れ | おそれ | osore |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 恐らず | おそらず | osorazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 恐れど | おそれど | osoredo |
| Causal conjunction | 恐れば | おそれば | osoreba |
| Conditional conjunction | 恐らば | おそらば | osoraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 恐りき | おそりき | osoriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 恐りけり | おそりけり | osorikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 恐りつ | おそりつ | osoritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 恐りぬ | おそりぬ | osorinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 恐れり 恐りたり |
おそれり おそりたり |
osoreri osoritari |
| Volitional | 恐らむ | おそらむ | osoramu |
Classical conjugation of "恐る" (ラ行上二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 恐り | おそり | osori |
| Continuative (連用形) | 恐り | おそり | osori |
| Terminal (終止形) | 恐る | おそる | osoru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 恐るる | おそるる | osoruru |
| Realis (已然形) | 恐るれ | おそるれ | osorure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 恐りよ | おそりよ | osoriyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 恐りず | おそりず | osorizu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 恐るれど | おそるれど | osoruredo |
| Causal conjunction | 恐るれば | おそるれば | osorureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 恐りば | おそりば | osoriba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 恐りき | おそりき | osoriki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 恐りけり | おそりけり | osorikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 恐りつ | おそりつ | osoritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 恐りぬ | おそりぬ | osorinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 恐りたり | おそりたり | osoritari |
| Volitional | 恐りむ | おそりむ | osorimu |
Classical conjugation of "恐る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 恐れ | おそれ | osore |
| Continuative (連用形) | 恐れ | おそれ | osore |
| Terminal (終止形) | 恐る | おそる | osoru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 恐るる | おそるる | osoruru |
| Realis (已然形) | 恐るれ | おそるれ | osorure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 恐れよ | おそれよ | osoreyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 恐れず | おそれず | osorezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 恐るれど | おそるれど | osoruredo |
| Causal conjunction | 恐るれば | おそるれば | osorureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 恐れば | おそれば | osoreba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 恐れき | おそれき | osoreki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 恐れけり | おそれけり | osorekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 恐れつ | おそれつ | osoretu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 恐れぬ | おそれぬ | osorenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 恐れたり | おそれたり | osoretari |
| Volitional | 恐れむ | おそれむ | osoremu |
Related terms
References
- ^ “恐る”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006