苦力

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	power; force; strength
trad. (苦力)		苦	力
simp. ^#(苦力)		苦	力

Etymology

Possibly a phono-semantic matching of Hindi क़ुली (qulī) or its cognates.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔlì

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄌㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² lik⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-li̍t
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-lia̍k / khó͘-le̍k / khó͘-la̍t / ku-lí / khó͘-lo̍h

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔlì
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔlì
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-li⁴
  - Yale: kǔ-lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuulih
  - Palladius: кули (kuli)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² lik⁶
  - Yale: fú lihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² lik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² lig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ lɪk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-li̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: ku^ˋ lid
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ lid⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ lit̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofliak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoflek
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-la̍t
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-la̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoflat
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lat̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ku-lí
  - Tâi-lô: ku-lí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kulie
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ku⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ku⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ku⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-lo̍h
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-lo̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofloih
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɤʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ loʔ⁴/

Noun

苦力

labor; hard work
(historical) coolie; laborer

Synonyms

(coolie): (Cantonese) 咕喱 (gu1 lei1)
(coolie): (Teochew) 龜里 (ku-lí), 龜理／龟理 (ku-lí), 咕哩 (ko͘-li)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	力
くー Grade: 3	りー Grade: 1
irregular

Etymology

Ateji (当て字).
Borrowed from Mandarin 苦力 (kǔlì).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) クーリー [kúꜜùrìì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ːɾʲiː]

Noun

苦力(クーリー) • (kūrī)

a coolie

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]