開國

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	country; state; nation
trad. (開國)		開	國
simp. (开国)		开	国

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kāiguó

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞㄍㄨㄛˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ gwok³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khôi-koet

(Hailu, HRS): koi^ˋ gued
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kai¹ gorh⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khai-kok

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāiguó
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄍㄨㄛˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaiguó
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-kuo²
  - Yale: kāi-gwó
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaigwo
  - Palladius: кайго (kajgo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi¹ gwok³
  - Yale: hōi gwok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ gwok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ guog³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-koet
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ gued^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ gued⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ ku̯et̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˋ gued
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi⁵³ kuet⁵/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kai¹ gorh⁶ [Phonetic: kai² gorh⁶]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kai-go̤h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵³³⁻¹³ kɒʔ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kai¹ gorh⁶ [Phonetic: kai² gorh⁶]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ kɒʔ²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-kok
  - Tâi-lô: khai-kok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qai'kog
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

Verb

開⫽國 (verb-object) (intransitive)

to found a state, country or kingdom
to open up a country to Westerners (for trade and diplomatic relationship)

Synonyms

建國／建国 (jiànguó)
(literary) 開基／开基 (kāijī)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開國):

→ Korean: 개국(開國) (gaeguk)
→ Vietnamese: khai quốc (開國)

References

小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “開國”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎^[1] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 37.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	國
かい Grade: 3	こく Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 開國 – see the following entry.

【開国かいこく】

[noun] opening of a country to foreigners

[verb] to open a country to foreigners

(This term, 開國, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
開	國

Noun

開國 • (gaeguk) (hangeul 개국)

hanja form^? of 개국