ꜥḏ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːd͡ʒ/
- Conventional anglicization: adj

Verb

2-lit.

(intransitive) to be(come) intact or whole
- c. 2000–1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115), lines 7–8:
  
  jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n
  Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥḏ, geminated stem: ꜥḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜥḏ	ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ	ꜥḏt	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜥḏ	ḥr ꜥḏ	m ꜥḏ	r ꜥḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	consecutive	ꜥḏ.jn
terminative	ꜥḏt	consecutive	ꜥḏ.jn
perfective³	ꜥḏ	obligative¹	ꜥḏ.ḫr
imperfective	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ¹	obligative¹	ꜥḏ.ḫr
prospective³	ꜥḏ	potentialis¹	ꜥḏ.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ¹	potentialis¹	ꜥḏ.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	—	—
perfective	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏḏ, ꜥḏḏj⁶, ꜥḏ², ꜥḏw^{2 5}, ꜥḏy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.ꜥḏ¹, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏy, ꜥḏw⁵	j.ꜥḏ¹, j.ꜥḏw^{1 5}, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏj⁶, ꜥḏy⁶	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏw⁵
prospective	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏtj⁷	ꜥḏtj⁴, ꜥḏt⁴

¹ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
² Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
³ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
⁴ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. ⁵ Only in the masculine singular.
⁶ Only in the masculine.
⁷ Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥḏ

ꜥd

Derived terms

ꜥḏ-jb

Verb

2-lit.

(transitive) to reel in
(transitive) to learn about

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥḏ, geminated stem: ꜥḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜥḏ	ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ	ꜥḏt	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜥḏ	ḥr ꜥḏ	m ꜥḏ	r ꜥḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ	consecutive	ꜥḏ.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	ꜥḏt
perfective³	ꜥḏ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	ꜥḏ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	ꜥḏ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏḏ	potentialis¹	ꜥḏ.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	ꜥḏ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	ꜥḏ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏḏ, ꜥḏḏj⁶, ꜥḏ², ꜥḏw^{2 5}, ꜥḏy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.ꜥḏ¹, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏy, ꜥḏw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.ꜥḏ¹, j.ꜥḏw^{1 5}, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏj⁶, ꜥḏy⁶	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏw⁵
prospective	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏtj⁷	—	ꜥḏtj⁴, ꜥḏt⁴

¹ Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
² Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
³ Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
⁴ Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. ⁵ Only in the masculine singular.
⁶ Only in the masculine.
⁷ Only in the feminine.

References

James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 217, 273.