𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷
Old Uyghur
| Uyghur script | 𐽷𐽳𐽷 (kwk /kök/) |
|---|---|
| Orkhon script | 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (k²ẅk² /kök, kük/) |
| Manichaean script | 𐫞𐫇𐫏𐫐 (qwyk /kök/) 𐫐𐫇𐫏𐫐 (kwyk /kök/) 𐫃𐫇𐫏𐫐 (gwyk /gök/) |
| Sogdian script | 𐼸𐼴𐼸 (kwk /kök, kük/) |
| Arabic script | كوك (kwk /kök/) كبكوك (kbkwk /köpkök/, “deep blue, azure”) كك (kk /kök/) |
| Syriac script | ܟܘܝܟ (kwyk /kök/) ܟܘܝܩ (kwyq /kök/) ܓܘܓ (gwg /gög, kök/) |
| Brahmi script | 𑀓𑁆𑀬𑁄𑀓𑁆 (kyok /kök/) |
| Tibetan script | གོག (gog /kök/) ཀྱོག (kyog /kök, kög/) |
| Han script | 渴 (khat /kö[k]/) 虹 (kaewngH /kö[k], köŋ/) |
| ʼPhags-pa script | ꡂꡡꡂ (kuk /kök/) |
Etymology 1
By surface analysis, 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwymʾk /kö-/, “to rise”) + -𐽷 (-k /-k/, “deverbal suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *kȫk (“sky, grue”). Cognate with Orkhon Turkic 𐰚𐰇𐰚 (kük /kök/), Karakhanid كُوكْ (kök) and Yakut күөх (küöq).
Adjective sense is secondary to the noun sense, as evident by the verb.
Adjective
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)
- blue, green
- grayish blue
- Synonym: 𐽼𐽳𐽴 (pwz /boz/)
- dun, sallow, faint, blond
- Synonym: 𐽲𐽶𐽿𐽲𐽰 (qyšqʾ /ḳïšġa/)
Noun
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)
- sky, heavens
- Synonyms: 𐽰𐽰𐽺𐽳𐽿𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺 (ʾʾnwšʾqʾn /anošaġan/), 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (tnkry yyr /täŋri yer/), 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷 (tnkrylyk /täŋrilik/), 𐽳𐽿𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽲 (wštmʾq /uštmaḥ/)
- Antonyms: 𐽺𐽾𐽲 (nrq /naraḳa/), 𐾀𐽹𐽳 (tmw /tamu/), 𐽶𐽰𐽱𐾁𐽰𐽷 𐽶𐽶𐽾 (yʾβlʾk yyr /yavlaḳ yér/)
- c. 10th century, 13th-14th centuries, Puitso Šilavante (𐽼𐽳𐽶𐾀𐽻𐽳 𐽿𐽶𐾁𐽰𐽱𐽰𐽺𐾀𐽶) & Arslan-ḳya (𐽰𐽰𐽾𐽻𐾁𐽰𐽺 𐽲𐽶𐽰) & Ḳasar (𐽲𐽰𐽻𐽰𐽾), Kim-ḳo-ke atlïġ Včračitaḳ Sudur (金剛經) page 48: U3601.12-15 (v04-07):[3]
- 𐽲𐾄𐾁𐾀𐽶 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐽰 𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽱𐽶 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽺 𐾈
𐽼𐽳𐾁𐽰𐽾 𐽼𐽰𐽾𐽽𐽰 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽾𐾁𐽳𐽷𐽻𐽳𐽴 𐽰𐽶𐾀𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽶𐽷 𐽺𐽳𐽹 𐾁𐽰𐽾
𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 𐽰𐽳𐽲𐾄𐽿𐽰𐾀𐽶 𐽲𐾄𐽶 𐽰𐽳𐾁 𐾈 𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽲𐾁𐽶𐽲 𐽼𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷𐽶𐽺
𐽲𐾄𐽶𐾁𐽹𐽶𐽿 𐽰𐽰𐽱𐽰𐽺𐾀 𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽿 𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 𐾈 𐾈- q̈lty ywltwz kwyk ywlʾ yylβy kwymʾn
pwlʾr pʾrcʾ ʾwyrlwkswz ʾytyklyk nwm lʾr
nynk ʾwq̈šʾty q̈y ʾwl ʾqyqlyq pylykyn
q̈ylmyš ʾʾβʾnt lʾryqtwyš lʾryk - /Ḳaltï; yultuz, kök, yula, yelvi-kömän, bolar barča ürlügsüz etiglig nomlarnïŋ oḳšatïġï ol. Aḳïġlïġ biligin ḳïlmïš avantlarïġ tüšlärig./
- And so; stars, the sky, lights and illusory images are all, for an eternity, analogues for the perfected religious teachings. The causes for and the consequences of the impure knowledge.
- q̈lty ywltwz kwyk ywlʾ yylβy kwymʾn
- 𐽲𐾄𐾁𐾀𐽶 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐾀𐽳𐽴 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽶𐽳𐾁𐽰 𐽶𐽶𐾁𐽱𐽶 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽹𐽰𐽺 𐾈
- (time, rare) night, nighttime, evening
- Synonyms: 𐽷𐽶𐽽𐽰 (kycʾ /keče/), 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽺 (twyn /tün/)
Declension
| singular | definite plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾 (kwyklʾr) |
| genitive | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽳𐽺𐽷 (kwyknwnk) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (kwyklʾrnynk) |
| dative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽷𐽰 (kwykkʾ) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (kwyklʾrkʾ) |
| accusative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽷 (kwykwk), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽶 (kwykny) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 (kwyklʾryk), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (kwyklʾrny) |
| locative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽸𐽰 (kwykdʾ) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 (kwyklʾrdʾ) |
| ablative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽸𐽶𐽺 (kwykdyn) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺 (kwyklʾrdyn) |
| instrumental | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽺 (kwykwn) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (kwyklʾryn) |
| equative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽽𐽰 (kwykcʾ) | |
| directive | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (kwykkʾrw), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽾𐽰 (kwykrʾ) | |
| similative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (kwyklʾyw) |
Compound terms
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽱𐽰𐽸𐽳𐽾𐽶 (kwyk βʾdwry /kök vayduri/, “beryl, aquamarine stone”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (kwyk qʾrʾ /kök ḳara/, “navy, indigo”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽲𐽰𐽿 (kwyk qʾš /kök ḳaš/, “green jade”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽲𐽰𐾁𐽶𐽲 (kwyk qʾlyq /kök ḳalïḳ/, “space, cosmos, atmosphere”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽶𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴 (kwyk yʾqyz /kök yaġïz/, “heaven and earth”) (天地 (tiāndì))
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽼𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽾 (kwyk pʾqyr /kök baġïr/, “spleen”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 𐽾𐽴𐽰𐽱𐽾𐾀 (kwyk rzʾβrt /kök ražavart/, “lazuli”)
Derived terms
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽰𐽸𐾀𐽳𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwykʾdtwrmʾk /kökädtür-/, “to praise”, literally “to make ascend to heavens”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽰𐽸𐾁𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwykʾdlmʾk /kökädil-/, “to ascend to heavens”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwykʾrmʾk /kökär-/, “to turn blue, to bluen”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽾𐽽𐽷𐽰𐽺 (kwykwrckʾn /kögürčgän/, “dove, wood pigeon”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽿 (kwykwš /köküš/, “dark blue, indigo”)
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽹𐽰𐽺 (kwykmʾn /kökmän/, “silver”)
Descendants
- Western Yugur: kyk (kük, “blue”)
Etymology 2
Derived from Proto-Turkic *kök (“seam”). Cognate with Chuvash кӑкӑр (kăk̬ăr, “to stitch”), Tuvan көктээр (kökteer, “file, filed papers”) and Kumyk көкле (“to tack”).
Noun
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)
- (anatomy, zootomy, sewing, rare) stitch, seam; thin film, membrane
- c. 14th century, Songs for a bountiful harvest U5337.91-92 (v21-22):[8][9]
- 𐽲𐽰𐽸𐽳𐽺 𐾁𐽾 𐾀𐽾 𐽰𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽻𐽶𐽺 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳
𐾀𐽳𐽾𐽻𐽳𐽺 𐽰𐽳𐾁 𐽰𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽲 𐽰 𐽼𐽳 𐽲𐽳𐽸𐽰𐽾 𐽰𐽳𐽳𐽲- qʾdwn lr tr ʾʾq̈syn kwyklʾyw
twrswn ʾwl ʾwrwq ʾ pw qwdʾr ʾwwq - /Ḳadunlar t[aġa]r aġzïn kökläyü tursun! […] /
- May [the] women [of this village] keep on stitching the mouths of [torn] sacks!
- qʾdwn lr tr ʾʾq̈syn kwyklʾyw
- 𐽲𐽰𐽸𐽳𐽺 𐾁𐽾 𐾀𐽾 𐽰𐽰𐽲𐾄𐽻𐽶𐽺 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳
Declension
| singular | definite plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾 (kwyklʾr) |
| genitive | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽳𐽺𐽷 (kwyknwnk) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (kwyklʾrnynk) |
| dative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽷𐽰 (kwykkʾ) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (kwyklʾrkʾ) |
| accusative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽷 (kwykwk), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽶 (kwykny) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 (kwyklʾryk), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (kwyklʾrny) |
| locative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽸𐽰 (kwykdʾ) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 (kwyklʾrdʾ) |
| ablative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽸𐽶𐽺 (kwykdyn) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺 (kwyklʾrdyn) |
| instrumental | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽺 (kwykwn) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (kwyklʾryn) |
| equative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽽𐽰 (kwykcʾ) | |
| directive | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (kwykkʾrw), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽾𐽰 (kwykrʾ) | |
| similative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (kwyklʾyw) |
Derived terms
- 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽹𐽰𐽷 (kwyklʾmʾk /köklä-/, “to stitch, to bind”)
Etymology 3
Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kök (“root”).
Noun
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/)
- (botany, rare) root
- Synonym: 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽼 (twyp /tüp/)
- 𐽱𐽶𐽾𐽶𐽺𐽰 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳 ― βyrynʾ kwykw /Virena kökü./ ― Roots of vetiver grass.
- (philosophy, religion, rare) essence
- Synonyms: 𐽼𐽳𐽺 (pwn /bun, pun/), 𐽹𐽳𐾁 (mwl /mul/), 𐾀𐽳𐽶𐽴 (twyz /töz/), 𐽶𐽶𐾁𐾀𐽶𐽴 (yyltyz /yïltïz/)
Declension
| singular | definite plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾 (kwyklʾr) |
| genitive | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽳𐽺𐽷 (kwyknwnk) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶𐽺𐽷 (kwyklʾrnynk) |
| dative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽷𐽰 (kwykkʾ) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽷𐽰 (kwyklʾrkʾ) |
| accusative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽷 (kwykwk), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽺𐽶 (kwykny) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽷 (kwyklʾryk), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽺𐽶 (kwyklʾrny) |
| locative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽸𐽰 (kwykdʾ) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽰 (kwyklʾrdʾ) |
| ablative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽸𐽶𐽺 (kwykdyn) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽺 (kwyklʾrdyn) |
| instrumental | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽺 (kwykwn) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽺 (kwyklʾryn) |
| equative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽽𐽰 (kwykcʾ) | |
| directive | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽷𐽰𐽾𐽳 (kwykkʾrw), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽾𐽰 (kwykrʾ) | |
| similative | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐾁𐽰𐽶𐽳 (kwyklʾyw) |
Etymology 4
Borrowed from Middle Chinese 曲 (khjowk).
Noun
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /küg/)
- (music, rare) song, melody, hymn
- Synonyms: 𐽰𐽶𐽾 (ʾyr /ïr/), 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽳𐽺 (ʾwywn /oyun/), 𐾀𐽰𐽲𐽿𐽳𐾀 (tʾqšwt /taḳšut/), 𐾀𐽰𐽱𐽶𐽿 (tʾβyš /tavïš/)
- (music, rare) sound, intonation; singing voice
- Synonyms: 𐽰𐽰𐽷𐽿𐽰𐽾 (ʾʾkšʾr /aḳšar/), 𐽰𐾀𐽶𐽺 (ʾtyn /etin/), 𐽻𐽶𐽱𐽰𐽾 (syβʾr /sivar/), 𐾀𐽶𐽺𐽷 (tynk /tïŋ/), 𐾀𐽶𐽷𐽶 (tyky /tigi/), 𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽺 (ʾwyn /ün/), 𐽱𐽶𐽺𐽽𐽰𐽺 (βyncʾn /vyančan/), 𐽶𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽲𐽳 (yʾnkqw /yaŋḳu/)
Derived terms
Etymology 5
Unknown. Cognate with Karakhanid كُوكْ (kög).
Noun
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /küg/)
Derived terms
Etymology 6
Borrowed from Middle Chinese 罟罟 (kɔX-kɔX, “a kind of headwear for Mongol noblewomen”), from Middle Mongol 罟罟 (gugu, “id.”).
Noun
𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kökü/)
See also
| 𐽰𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾq /aḳ/), 𐽶𐽳𐽾𐽳𐽺𐽷 (ywrwnk /yürüŋ/) | 𐽼𐽳𐽴 (pwz /boz/), 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/) | 𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽰 (qʾrʾ /ḳara/) |
| 𐽰𐽰𐾁 (ʾʾl /al/), 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽶𐾁 (qyzyl /ḳïzïl/) | 𐽰𐽰𐽾 (ʾʾr /ar/), 𐽶𐽰𐽲𐽶𐽴 (yʾqyz /yaġïz/) | 𐽻𐽰𐽾𐽶𐽲 (sʾryq /sarïġ/) |
| 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/), 𐽶𐽰𐽿𐽶𐾁 (yʾšyl /yašïl/) | ||
| 𐽽𐽰𐽽 (cʾc /čač/) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷 (kwyk /kök/) | 𐽷𐽳𐽶𐽷𐽳𐽿 (kwykwš /köküš/), 𐽾𐽴𐽰𐽱𐽾𐾀 (rzʾβrt /razavart/) |
| 𐽶𐽶𐽼𐽷𐽶𐽺 (yypkyn /yipgin/) | 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qyzqʾn /ḳïzġan/), 𐽻𐽰𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (sʾzqʾn /sazġan/) |
References
- ^ https://bitig.kz/show_big.php?fn=sizes/2947.jpg
- ^ https://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/vatecasp/Altt%C3%BCrkische_Texte_in_runischer_Schrift.htm (Referenz: Steine 05-06)
- ^ https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u3601seite2.jpg
- ^ https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u0332seite1.jpg
- ^ Since only the last three letters of this word is present on the folio, we actually don't know what this word might read as. Considering the context and potential Old Uyghur words that end with -nču/nčü however, erenčü is the only logical option.
- ^ For what kind of dress erenčü might have referred to, we don't know.
- ^ Wilkens, Jens (2021) “äränčü”, in Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen (in German), Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, page 111
- ^ https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u5337seite2.jpg
- ^ https://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/u/images/u5337seite2detail2.jpg
- ^ * Zieme, Peter (1975) Manichäisch-türkische Texte: Texte, Übersetzung, Anmerkungen (in German), page Tafel XXXIV
- ^ https://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/vatecasp/Manich%C3%A4isch-T%C3%BCrkische_Texte.htm (Referenz: MTT603-604)
Further reading
- Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968) “kök”, in Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 114
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “(1) kök, (2) kök, (3) kök, (4) kö:k (g-)”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 708, 709
- Hamilton, James (2020) “kök, KYWK”, in Korkut, Ece, Birkan, İsmet, transl., Budacı İyi Kalpli ve Kötü Kalpli Prens Masalının Uygurcası - Prens Kalyāṇaṃkara ve Pāpaṃkara Hikâyesi (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, →ISBN, pages 198, 199
- Hazai, Georg, Zieme, Peter (1971) Fragmente der uigurischen Version des "Jin'gangjing mit den Gathas des Meister Fu" nebst einem Anhang von Taijun Inokuchi. (in German), page 49
- Wilkens, Jens (2021) “(1), (2), (3), (5), (6), (8) kök”, in Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen (in German), Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, pages 400, 401
- Yakup (亚库甫), Abdurishid (阿不都热西提) (2015) 古代维吾尔赞美诗和描写性韵文的语文学研究 (古代维吾尔语诗歌集成) (in Chinese), →ISBN, page 335
- Yunusoğlu, Mağfiret Kemal (2012) Uygurca-Çince İdikut Sözlüğü[1] (in Turkish), Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, →ISBN, pages 63, 96
- Zieme, Peter (1975) Manichäisch-türkische Texte: Texte, Übersetzung, Anmerkungen (in German), page 59
- Zieme, Peter (2015) Altuigurische Texte der Kirche des Ostens aus Zentralasien (Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies; 41) (in German), →ISBN, page 139