-습니다
Korean
Alternative forms
- -ㅂ니다 (-mnida) — after vowels or ㄹ (l)
- -습나이다 (-seumnaida), -ㅂ나이다 (-mnaida) — archaic
- -읍니다 (-eumnida) — obsolete/proscribed
Etymology
From earlier -ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆡ다 (-seumnaeda) in the nineteenth century, contracted from -ᄉᆞᆸᄂᆞ이다 (-seumnaida), used since the seventeenth century. The uncontracted form is still found as -습나이다 (-seumnaida), now archaic.
Ultimately formed by a merger of the Middle Korean verbal suffixes -ᄉᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -sǒp-, object honorific) + -ᄂᆞ〮- (Yale: -nó-, present tense marker) + -ᅌᅵ- (Yale: -ngì-, addressee honorific for questions) + -다〮 (Yale: -tá, declarative mood marker).
The allomorph -ㅂ니다 (-mnida) after sonorants represents the fact that the Middle Korean object honorific -ᄉᆞᆸ〯- (Yale: -sǒp-) had the allomorph -ᅀᆞᆸ〯- (-zǒp-) after sonorants, which became simply -ㅂ- (-b-) after Middle Korean /z/ was (almost) unconditionally deleted in the sixteenth century.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [s͈ɯmnida̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [씀니다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | seumnida |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | seubnida |
| McCune–Reischauer? | ssŭmnida |
| Yale Romanization? | qsupnita |
Suffix
-습니다 • (-seumnida)
- Declarative suffix for sentence-final verbs in the 하십시오체 (hasipsioche, “formal polite”) speech level.
- 고맙습니다. ― Gomapseumnida. ― Thank you.
Derived terms
- (ethnic slur) -스무니다 (-seumunida)
Related terms
Descendants
References
- 정언학 (Jeong Eon-hak) (2006) “통합형 어미 '습니다'류의 통시적 형성과 형태 분석 [tonghaphyeong eomi -seumnida ryuui tongsijeok hyeongseonggwa hyeongtae bunseok]”, in Gugeo gyoyuk, volume 121, pages 317—356