Reconstruction:Proto-Cariban/tôwinô

This Proto-Cariban entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Cariban

Numeral

*tôwinô

  1. one

Descendants

  • Guianan:
    • ⇒ Apalaí: toiro
    • Kari'na: òwin
    • Proto-Taranoan: *təinjə, *teinjə
      • ⇒ Akurio: tëinërë
      • Carijona: teñi
      • Trió: tëinë, ⇒ tëinken
  • Parukotoan:
    • Hixkaryana: towenyxa
    • ⇒ Kaxuyana: tuwinarï
    • Waiwai: tewiñe, čewñe
  • Venezuelan Cariban:
    • Panare: tiwin (“once”)
    • Pemongan:
      • Akawaio: tewin, tïnïn, tikin, tègina
      • Macushi: tiwin
      • Pemon: töukin, teukin
    • Yao (South America): tewyn
  • ⇒ Waimiri-Atroari: awynihe'
  • Ye'kwana: tooni, tawini

References

  • Gildea, Spike, Doris Payne (2007) “Is Greenberg’s ‘Macro-Carib’ viable?”, in Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: Ciências Humanas, volume 2, number 2, Belém, pages 19–72
  • Meira, Sérgio, Bruna Franchetto (2005) “The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 71, pages 127–192
  • Florian Matter, editor (2021), “*təwinə”, in Comparative Cariban Database‎[1], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, retrieved 28 February 2024
  • Meira, Sérgio (1998) A Reconstruction of Proto-Taranoan: Phonology and Inflectional Morphology‎[2], Houston: Rice University, page 179
  • Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎[3], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 332
  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “tooni”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[4], Lyon
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