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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰi-né-h₂-ti, nasal-infix present of *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike, hew”).
Verb
*bināti[1]
- to strike, hit, beat
Inflection
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₂-final root, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*bināmi
|
*binamam
|
*bibīsū
|
*biba
|
| 2nd singular
|
*bināsi
|
*binatās
|
*bibīsesi
|
*bibas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*bināti
|
*binato
|
*bibīseti
|
*bibe
|
| 1st plural
|
*binamosi
|
*binamo
|
*bibīsomosi
|
*bibmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*binatesi
|
*binastē
|
*bibīsetesi
|
*bixte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*binanti
|
*binanto
|
*bibīsonti
|
*bibars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*beyasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*beyasesi
|
?
|
*binā
|
| 3rd singular
|
*beyaseti
|
?
|
*binātou
|
| 1st plural
|
*beyasomosi
|
?
|
*binamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*beyasetesi
|
?
|
*binate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*beyasonti
|
?
|
*binantou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*binār
|
—
|
*bibīsūr
|
*bibra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*binātar
|
—
|
*bibīsetar
|
*bibras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*binātor
|
?
|
*bibīsetor
|
*bibre
|
| 1st plural
|
*binammor
|
—
|
*bibīsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*binadwe
|
—
|
*bibīsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*binantor
|
?
|
*bibīsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*beyasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*beyasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*beyasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*beyasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*beyasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*beyasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*binonts
|
*binonte
|
*binontes
|
| vocative
|
*binonts
|
*binonte
|
*binontes
|
| accusative
|
*binontam
|
*binonte
|
*binontans
|
| genitive
|
*binantos
|
*?
|
*binantom
|
| dative
|
*binantei
|
*binantbom
|
*binantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*binantī?
|
*binantbim
|
*binantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*binantī
|
*binantī
|
*binantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*binantī
|
*binantī
|
*binantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*binantīm
|
*binantī
|
*binantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*binantyās
|
*?
|
*binantyom
|
| dative
|
*binantyāi
|
*binantyābom
|
*binantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*binantyābim
|
*binantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*binont
|
*?
|
*binonta
|
| vocative
|
*binont
|
*?
|
*binonta
|
| accusative
|
*binont
|
*?
|
*binonta
|
| genitive
|
*binantos
|
*?
|
*binantom
|
| dative
|
*binantei
|
*?
|
*binantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*binantī?
|
*?
|
*binantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*binamnos
|
*binamnou
|
*binamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*binamne
|
*binamnou
|
*binamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*binamnom
|
*binamnou
|
*binamnons
|
| genitive
|
*binamnī
|
*binamnous
|
*binamnom
|
| dative
|
*binamnūi
|
*binamnobom
|
*binamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*binamnū
|
*binamnobim
|
*binamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*binamnā
|
*binamnai
|
*binamnās
|
| vocative
|
*binamnā
|
*binamnai
|
*binamnās
|
| accusative
|
*binamnam
|
*binamnai
|
*binamnans
|
| genitive
|
*binamnās
|
*binamnous
|
*binamnom
|
| dative
|
*binamnai
|
*binamnābom
|
*binamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*binamnābim
|
*binamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*binamnom
|
*binamnou
|
*binamnā
|
| vocative
|
*binamnom
|
*binamnou
|
*binamnā
|
| accusative
|
*binamnom
|
*binamnou
|
*binamnā
|
| genitive
|
*binamnī
|
*binamnous
|
*binamnom
|
| dative
|
*binamnūi
|
*binamnobom
|
*binamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*binamnū
|
*binamnobim
|
*binamnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*bītos
|
*bītou
|
*bītoi
|
| vocative
|
*bīte
|
*bītou
|
*bītoi
|
| accusative
|
*bītom
|
*bītou
|
*bītons
|
| genitive
|
*bītī
|
*bītous
|
*bītom
|
| dative
|
*bītūi
|
*bītobom
|
*bītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*bītū
|
*bītobim
|
*bītobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*bītā
|
*bītai
|
*bītās
|
| vocative
|
*bītā
|
*bītai
|
*bītās
|
| accusative
|
*bītam
|
*bītai
|
*bītans
|
| genitive
|
*bītās
|
*bītous
|
*bītom
|
| dative
|
*bītai
|
*bītābom
|
*bītābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*bītābim
|
*bītābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*bītom
|
*bītou
|
*bītā
|
| vocative
|
*bītom
|
*bītou
|
*bītā
|
| accusative
|
*bītom
|
*bītou
|
*bītā
|
| genitive
|
*bītī
|
*bītous
|
*bītom
|
| dative
|
*bītūi
|
*bītobom
|
*bītobos
|
| instrumental
|
*bītū
|
*bītobim
|
*bītobis
|
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *bɨnad
- Old Irish: benaid
- Gaulish: biietutu (impv.)
- Celtiberian: ne-bintor (3p.impv.med.)
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bi(j)ēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64: “*bʰiH-neh₂-”