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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰorǵʰ-éye-ti, an o-grade causative to *bʰerǵʰ- (“to be high, ascend”).[1]
Verb
*borgīti
- to throw, cast
Inflection
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*borgeyū
|
*borgīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*borgīsi
|
*borgītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*borgīti
|
*borgīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*borgeyomosi
|
*borgīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*borgītesi
|
*borgīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*borgeyonti
|
*borgīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*borgī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*borgītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*borgeyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*borgīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*borgeyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*borgeyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*borgītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*borgītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*borgeyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*borgīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*borgeyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*borgeyonts
|
*borgeyonte
|
*borgeyontes
|
| vocative
|
*borgeyonts
|
*borgeyonte
|
*borgeyontes
|
| accusative
|
*borgeyontam
|
*borgeyonte
|
*borgeyontans
|
| genitive
|
*borgeyantos
|
*?
|
*borgeyantom
|
| dative
|
*borgeyantei
|
*borgeyantbom
|
*borgeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*borgeyantī?
|
*borgeyantbim
|
*borgeyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*borgeyantī
|
*borgeyantī
|
*borgeyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*borgeyantī
|
*borgeyantī
|
*borgeyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*borgeyantīm
|
*borgeyantī
|
*borgeyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*borgeyantyās
|
*?
|
*borgeyantyom
|
| dative
|
*borgeyantyāi
|
*borgeyantyābom
|
*borgeyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*borgeyantyābim
|
*borgeyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*borgeyont
|
*?
|
*borgeyonta
|
| vocative
|
*borgeyont
|
*?
|
*borgeyonta
|
| accusative
|
*borgeyont
|
*?
|
*borgeyonta
|
| genitive
|
*borgeyantos
|
*?
|
*borgeyantom
|
| dative
|
*borgeyantei
|
*?
|
*borgeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*borgeyantī?
|
*?
|
*borgeyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*borgeyomnos
|
*borgeyomnou
|
*borgeyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*borgeyomne
|
*borgeyomnou
|
*borgeyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*borgeyomnom
|
*borgeyomnou
|
*borgeyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*borgeyomnī
|
*borgeyomnous
|
*borgeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*borgeyomnūi
|
*borgeyomnobom
|
*borgeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*borgeyomnū
|
*borgeyomnobim
|
*borgeyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*borgeyomnā
|
*borgeyomnai
|
*borgeyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*borgeyomnā
|
*borgeyomnai
|
*borgeyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*borgeyomnam
|
*borgeyomnai
|
*borgeyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*borgeyomnās
|
*borgeyomnous
|
*borgeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*borgeyomnai
|
*borgeyomnābom
|
*borgeyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*borgeyomnābim
|
*borgeyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*borgeyomnom
|
*borgeyomnou
|
*borgeyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*borgeyomnom
|
*borgeyomnou
|
*borgeyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*borgeyomnom
|
*borgeyomnou
|
*borgeyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*borgeyomnī
|
*borgeyomnous
|
*borgeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*borgeyomnūi
|
*borgeyomnobom
|
*borgeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*borgeyomnū
|
*borgeyomnobim
|
*borgeyomnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *bürɣid
- ⇒ Old Irish: díbairg (prototonic forms of do·bidci), díbirciud (verbal noun)
References
- ^ Le Mair, Esther (30 September 2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, pages 198-199