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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrews- (“to break”). Related to Latin frustum (“bit, scrap”), Proto-Germanic *brausijaną (compare Old English brȳsan, brīesan (“to crush”)), Proto-Albanian *brauša (compare Albanian breshër (“hail”)).
Verb
*bruseti
- to break
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*brusū
|
*brusemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*brusesi
|
*brusetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*bruseti
|
*bruseto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*brusomosi
|
*brusemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*brusetesi
|
*brusestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*brusonti
|
*brusento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*bruse
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*brusetou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*brusomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*brusete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*brusontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*brusūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*brusetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*brusetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*brusommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*brusedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*brusontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*brusonts
|
*brusonte
|
*brusontes
|
| vocative
|
*brusonts
|
*brusonte
|
*brusontes
|
| accusative
|
*brusontam
|
*brusonte
|
*brusontans
|
| genitive
|
*brusantos
|
*?
|
*brusantom
|
| dative
|
*brusantei
|
*brusantbom
|
*brusantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*brusantī?
|
*brusantbim
|
*brusantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*brusantī
|
*brusantī
|
*brusantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*brusantī
|
*brusantī
|
*brusantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*brusantīm
|
*brusantī
|
*brusantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*brusantyās
|
*?
|
*brusantyom
|
| dative
|
*brusantyāi
|
*brusantyābom
|
*brusantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*brusantyābim
|
*brusantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*brusont
|
*?
|
*brusonta
|
| vocative
|
*brusont
|
*?
|
*brusonta
|
| accusative
|
*brusont
|
*?
|
*brusonta
|
| genitive
|
*brusantos
|
*?
|
*brusantom
|
| dative
|
*brusantei
|
*?
|
*brusantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*brusantī?
|
*?
|
*brusantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*brusomnos
|
*brusomnou
|
*brusomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*brusomne
|
*brusomnou
|
*brusomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*brusomnom
|
*brusomnou
|
*brusomnons
|
| genitive
|
*brusomnī
|
*brusomnous
|
*brusomnom
|
| dative
|
*brusomnūi
|
*brusomnobom
|
*brusomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*brusomnū
|
*brusomnobim
|
*brusomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*brusomnā
|
*brusomnai
|
*brusomnās
|
| vocative
|
*brusomnā
|
*brusomnai
|
*brusomnās
|
| accusative
|
*brusomnam
|
*brusomnai
|
*brusomnans
|
| genitive
|
*brusomnās
|
*brusomnous
|
*brusomnom
|
| dative
|
*brusomnai
|
*brusomnābom
|
*brusomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*brusomnābim
|
*brusomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*brusomnom
|
*brusomnou
|
*brusomnā
|
| vocative
|
*brusomnom
|
*brusomnou
|
*brusomnā
|
| accusative
|
*brusomnom
|
*brusomnou
|
*brusomnā
|
| genitive
|
*brusomnī
|
*brusomnous
|
*brusomnom
|
| dative
|
*brusomnūi
|
*brusomnobom
|
*brusomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*brusomnū
|
*brusomnobim
|
*brusomnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Irish: bruïd
- Gaulish: *brus-