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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *dī- (“off”) + *wiketi (“to fight”).[1][2]
Verb
*dīwiketi
- to avenge
- to punish
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*dīwikū
|
*dīwikemam
|
*dīwiwixsū
|
*dīwiwoika
|
| 2nd singular
|
*dīwikesi
|
*dīwiketās
|
*dīwiwixsesi
|
*dīwiwoikas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*dīwiketi
|
*dīwiketo
|
*dīwiwixseti
|
*dīwiwoike
|
| 1st plural
|
*dīwikomosi
|
*dīwikemo
|
*dīwiwixsomosi
|
*dīwiwoikmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*dīwiketesi
|
*dīwikestē
|
*dīwiwixsetesi
|
*dīwiwoixte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*dīwikonti
|
*dīwikento
|
*dīwiwixsonti
|
*dīwiwoikars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*dīweixsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*dīweixsesi
|
?
|
*dīwike
|
| 3rd singular
|
*dīweixseti
|
?
|
*dīwiketou
|
| 1st plural
|
*dīweixsomosi
|
?
|
*dīwikomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*dīweixsetesi
|
?
|
*dīwikete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*dīweixsonti
|
?
|
*dīwikontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*dīwikūr
|
—
|
*dīwiwixsūr
|
*dīwiwoikra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*dīwiketar
|
—
|
*dīwiwixsetar
|
*dīwiwoikras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*dīwiketor
|
?
|
*dīwiwixsetor
|
*dīwiwoikre
|
| 1st plural
|
*dīwikommor
|
—
|
*dīwiwixsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*dīwikedwe
|
—
|
*dīwiwixsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*dīwikontor
|
?
|
*dīwiwixsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*dīweixsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*dīweixsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*dīweixsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*dīweixsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*dīweixsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*dīweixsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwikonts
|
*dīwikonte
|
*dīwikontes
|
| vocative
|
*dīwikonts
|
*dīwikonte
|
*dīwikontes
|
| accusative
|
*dīwikontam
|
*dīwikonte
|
*dīwikontans
|
| genitive
|
*dīwikantos
|
*?
|
*dīwikantom
|
| dative
|
*dīwikantei
|
*dīwikantbom
|
*dīwikantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*dīwikantī?
|
*dīwikantbim
|
*dīwikantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwikantī
|
*dīwikantī
|
*dīwikantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*dīwikantī
|
*dīwikantī
|
*dīwikantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*dīwikantīm
|
*dīwikantī
|
*dīwikantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*dīwikantyās
|
*?
|
*dīwikantyom
|
| dative
|
*dīwikantyāi
|
*dīwikantyābom
|
*dīwikantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*dīwikantyābim
|
*dīwikantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwikont
|
*?
|
*dīwikonta
|
| vocative
|
*dīwikont
|
*?
|
*dīwikonta
|
| accusative
|
*dīwikont
|
*?
|
*dīwikonta
|
| genitive
|
*dīwikantos
|
*?
|
*dīwikantom
|
| dative
|
*dīwikantei
|
*?
|
*dīwikantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*dīwikantī?
|
*?
|
*dīwikantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwikomnos
|
*dīwikomnou
|
*dīwikomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*dīwikomne
|
*dīwikomnou
|
*dīwikomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*dīwikomnom
|
*dīwikomnou
|
*dīwikomnons
|
| genitive
|
*dīwikomnī
|
*dīwikomnous
|
*dīwikomnom
|
| dative
|
*dīwikomnūi
|
*dīwikomnobom
|
*dīwikomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*dīwikomnū
|
*dīwikomnobim
|
*dīwikomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwikomnā
|
*dīwikomnai
|
*dīwikomnās
|
| vocative
|
*dīwikomnā
|
*dīwikomnai
|
*dīwikomnās
|
| accusative
|
*dīwikomnam
|
*dīwikomnai
|
*dīwikomnans
|
| genitive
|
*dīwikomnās
|
*dīwikomnous
|
*dīwikomnom
|
| dative
|
*dīwikomnai
|
*dīwikomnābom
|
*dīwikomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*dīwikomnābim
|
*dīwikomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwikomnom
|
*dīwikomnou
|
*dīwikomnā
|
| vocative
|
*dīwikomnom
|
*dīwikomnou
|
*dīwikomnā
|
| accusative
|
*dīwikomnom
|
*dīwikomnou
|
*dīwikomnā
|
| genitive
|
*dīwikomnī
|
*dīwikomnous
|
*dīwikomnom
|
| dative
|
*dīwikomnūi
|
*dīwikomnobom
|
*dīwikomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*dīwikomnū
|
*dīwikomnobim
|
*dīwikomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwixtos
|
*dīwixtou
|
*dīwixtoi
|
| vocative
|
*dīwixte
|
*dīwixtou
|
*dīwixtoi
|
| accusative
|
*dīwixtom
|
*dīwixtou
|
*dīwixtons
|
| genitive
|
*dīwixtī
|
*dīwixtous
|
*dīwixtom
|
| dative
|
*dīwixtūi
|
*dīwixtobom
|
*dīwixtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*dīwixtū
|
*dīwixtobim
|
*dīwixtobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwixtā
|
*dīwixtai
|
*dīwixtās
|
| vocative
|
*dīwixtā
|
*dīwixtai
|
*dīwixtās
|
| accusative
|
*dīwixtam
|
*dīwixtai
|
*dīwixtans
|
| genitive
|
*dīwixtās
|
*dīwixtous
|
*dīwixtom
|
| dative
|
*dīwixtai
|
*dīwixtābom
|
*dīwixtābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*dīwixtābim
|
*dīwixtābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*dīwixtom
|
*dīwixtou
|
*dīwixtā
|
| vocative
|
*dīwixtom
|
*dīwixtou
|
*dīwixtā
|
| accusative
|
*dīwixtom
|
*dīwixtou
|
*dīwixtā
|
| genitive
|
*dīwixtī
|
*dīwixtous
|
*dīwixtom
|
| dative
|
*dīwixtūi
|
*dīwixtobom
|
*dīwixtobos
|
| instrumental
|
*dīwixtū
|
*dīwixtobim
|
*dīwixtobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *diwug
- Middle Welsh: diwin, difwyn (“to amend, make amends”)
- Old Irish: do·fich
- Gaulish: *dīuic-
- ⇒ Gaulish: Δειουικιιακος (Deiouikiiakos)
- →⇒ Latin: Dīvica, Dīvicō, Dīvicius, Dīvicta, Dīvixtus, Dīvixtius, Dīvixtiānus, Dīvixtilla, Dīvixtullus, Dīvicatus, Dīviciānus, Toutodīvix
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*dī-wik-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 101
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “diuic-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, pages 145-146