Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/esti
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Verb
*esti
- to be
Inflection
| Athematic present | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *esmi | *esēmam | ? | — |
| 2nd singular | *esi | *esētās | ? | — |
| 3rd singular | *esti | *esēto | ? | — |
| 1st plural | *esmosi | *esēmo | ? | — |
| 2nd plural | *estesi | *esēstē | ? | — |
| 3rd plural | *senti | *esēnto | ? | — |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *esū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *esesi | ? | *es | |
| 3rd singular | *eseti | ? | *estou | |
| 1st plural | *esomosi | ? | *smos | |
| 2nd plural | *esetesi | ? | *ste | |
| 3rd plural | *esonti | ? | *sentou | |
| Declension of the present participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *sonts | *sonte | *sontes |
| vocative | *sonts | *sonte | *sontes |
| accusative | *sontam | *sonte | *sontans |
| genitive | *santos | *? | *santom |
| dative | *santei | *santbom | *santbos |
| instrumental | *santī? | *santbim | *santbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *santī | *santī | *santiyās |
| vocative | *santī | *santī | *santiyās |
| accusative | *santīm | *santī | *santiyans |
| genitive | *santyās | *? | *santyom |
| dative | *santyāi | *santyābom | *santyābos |
| instrumental | *? | *santyābim | *santyābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *sont | *? | *sonta |
| vocative | *sont | *? | *sonta |
| accusative | *sont | *? | *sonta |
| genitive | *santos | *? | *santom |
| dative | *santei | *? | *santbos |
| instrumental | *santī? | *? | *santbis |
Descendants
- Gaulish: immi[1]
- Old Irish: is (3sg), it (3pl.)
- Old Breton: is (3sg), int (3pl.)
- Old Welsh: is (3sg), (h)int (3pl.)[2]
- Welsh: ys (pres.impers), ŷnt (3pl.)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 118
- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 53