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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *exs- + Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg-.
Verb
*exsstungeti
- to bend
Inflection
| Thematic present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*exsstungū
|
*exsstungemam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*exsstungesi
|
*exsstungetās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*exsstungeti
|
*exsstungeto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*exsstungomosi
|
*exsstungemo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*exsstungetesi
|
*exsstungestē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*exsstungonti
|
*exsstungento
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*exsstunge
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*exsstungetou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*exsstungomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*exsstungete
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*exsstungontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*exsstungūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*exsstungetar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*exsstungetor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*exsstungommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*exsstungedwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*exsstungontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*exsstungonts
|
*exsstungonte
|
*exsstungontes
|
| vocative
|
*exsstungonts
|
*exsstungonte
|
*exsstungontes
|
| accusative
|
*exsstungontam
|
*exsstungonte
|
*exsstungontans
|
| genitive
|
*exsstungantos
|
*?
|
*exsstungantom
|
| dative
|
*exsstungantei
|
*exsstungantbom
|
*exsstungantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*exsstungantī?
|
*exsstungantbim
|
*exsstungantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*exsstungantī
|
*exsstungantī
|
*exsstungantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*exsstungantī
|
*exsstungantī
|
*exsstungantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*exsstungantīm
|
*exsstungantī
|
*exsstungantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*exsstungantyās
|
*?
|
*exsstungantyom
|
| dative
|
*exsstungantyāi
|
*exsstungantyābom
|
*exsstungantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*exsstungantyābim
|
*exsstungantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*exsstungont
|
*?
|
*exsstungonta
|
| vocative
|
*exsstungont
|
*?
|
*exsstungonta
|
| accusative
|
*exsstungont
|
*?
|
*exsstungonta
|
| genitive
|
*exsstungantos
|
*?
|
*exsstungantom
|
| dative
|
*exsstungantei
|
*?
|
*exsstungantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*exsstungantī?
|
*?
|
*exsstungantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*exsstungomnos
|
*exsstungomnou
|
*exsstungomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*exsstungomne
|
*exsstungomnou
|
*exsstungomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*exsstungomnom
|
*exsstungomnou
|
*exsstungomnons
|
| genitive
|
*exsstungomnī
|
*exsstungomnous
|
*exsstungomnom
|
| dative
|
*exsstungomnūi
|
*exsstungomnobom
|
*exsstungomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*exsstungomnū
|
*exsstungomnobim
|
*exsstungomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*exsstungomnā
|
*exsstungomnai
|
*exsstungomnās
|
| vocative
|
*exsstungomnā
|
*exsstungomnai
|
*exsstungomnās
|
| accusative
|
*exsstungomnam
|
*exsstungomnai
|
*exsstungomnans
|
| genitive
|
*exsstungomnās
|
*exsstungomnous
|
*exsstungomnom
|
| dative
|
*exsstungomnai
|
*exsstungomnābom
|
*exsstungomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*exsstungomnābim
|
*exsstungomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*exsstungomnom
|
*exsstungomnou
|
*exsstungomnā
|
| vocative
|
*exsstungomnom
|
*exsstungomnou
|
*exsstungomnā
|
| accusative
|
*exsstungomnom
|
*exsstungomnou
|
*exsstungomnā
|
| genitive
|
*exsstungomnī
|
*exsstungomnous
|
*exsstungomnom
|
| dative
|
*exsstungomnūi
|
*exsstungomnobom
|
*exsstungomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*exsstungomnū
|
*exsstungomnobim
|
*exsstungomnobis
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Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *ɨstüngɨd
- Middle Breton: stoeaff
- Middle Welsh: ystwng, estwng
- Old Irish: as·toing
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN