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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“to find, take, seize, hold”).
Verb
*gandeti[3][4]
- to be contained, find room
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gandū
|
*gandemam
|
?
|
*geganda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gandesi
|
*gandetās
|
?
|
*gegandas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gandeti
|
*gandeto
|
?
|
*gegande
|
| 1st plural
|
*gandomosi
|
*gandemo
|
?
|
*gegandmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gandetesi
|
*gandestē
|
?
|
*gegansse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gandonti
|
*gandento
|
?
|
*gegandars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*getsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*getsesi
|
?
|
*gande
|
| 3rd singular
|
*getseti
|
?
|
*gandetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*getsomosi
|
?
|
*gandomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*getsetesi
|
?
|
*gandete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*getsonti
|
?
|
*gandontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*gandūr
|
—
|
?
|
*gegandra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*gandetar
|
—
|
?
|
*gegandras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*gandetor
|
?
|
?
|
*gegandre
|
| 1st plural
|
*gandommor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*gandedwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*gandontor
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*getsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*getsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*getsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*getsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*getsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*getsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gandonts
|
*gandonte
|
*gandontes
|
| vocative
|
*gandonts
|
*gandonte
|
*gandontes
|
| accusative
|
*gandontam
|
*gandonte
|
*gandontans
|
| genitive
|
*gandantos
|
*?
|
*gandantom
|
| dative
|
*gandantei
|
*gandantbom
|
*gandantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gandantī?
|
*gandantbim
|
*gandantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gandantī
|
*gandantī
|
*gandantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*gandantī
|
*gandantī
|
*gandantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*gandantīm
|
*gandantī
|
*gandantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*gandantyās
|
*?
|
*gandantyom
|
| dative
|
*gandantyāi
|
*gandantyābom
|
*gandantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gandantyābim
|
*gandantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gandont
|
*?
|
*gandonta
|
| vocative
|
*gandont
|
*?
|
*gandonta
|
| accusative
|
*gandont
|
*?
|
*gandonta
|
| genitive
|
*gandantos
|
*?
|
*gandantom
|
| dative
|
*gandantei
|
*?
|
*gandantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*gandantī?
|
*?
|
*gandantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gandomnos
|
*gandomnou
|
*gandomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*gandomne
|
*gandomnou
|
*gandomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*gandomnom
|
*gandomnou
|
*gandomnons
|
| genitive
|
*gandomnī
|
*gandomnous
|
*gandomnom
|
| dative
|
*gandomnūi
|
*gandomnobom
|
*gandomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gandomnū
|
*gandomnobim
|
*gandomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gandomnā
|
*gandomnai
|
*gandomnās
|
| vocative
|
*gandomnā
|
*gandomnai
|
*gandomnās
|
| accusative
|
*gandomnam
|
*gandomnai
|
*gandomnans
|
| genitive
|
*gandomnās
|
*gandomnous
|
*gandomnom
|
| dative
|
*gandomnai
|
*gandomnābom
|
*gandomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*gandomnābim
|
*gandomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*gandomnom
|
*gandomnou
|
*gandomnā
|
| vocative
|
*gandomnom
|
*gandomnou
|
*gandomnā
|
| accusative
|
*gandomnom
|
*gandomnou
|
*gandomnā
|
| genitive
|
*gandomnī
|
*gandomnous
|
*gandomnom
|
| dative
|
*gandomnūi
|
*gandomnobom
|
*gandomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*gandomnū
|
*gandomnobim
|
*gandomnobis
|
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Welsh: gannaf (1sg.), gein, geyn (3sg.)
- ⇒ Old Irish: ro·geinn
References
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (9 August 2022) “Double nasal presents”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 10, number 1, Brill, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 88–106
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 330
- ^ Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (15 July 2010) “On ‘double-nasal’ presents in Celtic and Indo-European and a new Irish sound law”, in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, volume 57, number 2010, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 48–78
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gan-d-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 155