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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Originally *kʷalnīti, from a nasal-infix derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to turn”).[1]
Verb
*kʷalnati
- to go around
Inflection
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₁-final root
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| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷalnīmi
|
*kʷalnamam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷalnīsi
|
*kʷalnatās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷalnīti
|
*kʷalnato
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷalnamosi
|
*kʷalnamo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷalnatesi
|
*kʷalnastē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷalnenti
|
*kʷalnanto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷelasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷelasesi
|
?
|
*kʷalnī
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷelaseti
|
?
|
*kʷalnītou
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷelasomosi
|
?
|
*kʷalnamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷelasetesi
|
?
|
*kʷalnate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷelasonti
|
?
|
*kʷalnentou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷalnīr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷalnītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷalnītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷalnammor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kʷalnadwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kʷalnentor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kʷelasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kʷelasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kʷelasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kʷelasommor
|
—
|
—
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| 2nd plural
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*kʷelasedwe
|
—
|
—
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| 3rd plural
|
*kʷelasontor
|
—
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—
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| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷalnonts
|
*kʷalnonte
|
*kʷalnontes
|
| vocative
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*kʷalnonts
|
*kʷalnonte
|
*kʷalnontes
|
| accusative
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*kʷalnontam
|
*kʷalnonte
|
*kʷalnontans
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| genitive
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*kʷalnantos
|
*?
|
*kʷalnantom
|
| dative
|
*kʷalnantei
|
*kʷalnantbom
|
*kʷalnantbos
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| instrumental
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*kʷalnantī?
|
*kʷalnantbim
|
*kʷalnantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷalnantī
|
*kʷalnantī
|
*kʷalnantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kʷalnantī
|
*kʷalnantī
|
*kʷalnantiyās
|
| accusative
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*kʷalnantīm
|
*kʷalnantī
|
*kʷalnantiyans
|
| genitive
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*kʷalnantyās
|
*?
|
*kʷalnantyom
|
| dative
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*kʷalnantyāi
|
*kʷalnantyābom
|
*kʷalnantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷalnantyābim
|
*kʷalnantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷalnont
|
*?
|
*kʷalnonta
|
| vocative
|
*kʷalnont
|
*?
|
*kʷalnonta
|
| accusative
|
*kʷalnont
|
*?
|
*kʷalnonta
|
| genitive
|
*kʷalnantos
|
*?
|
*kʷalnantom
|
| dative
|
*kʷalnantei
|
*?
|
*kʷalnantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kʷalnantī?
|
*?
|
*kʷalnantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
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singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kʷalnamnos
|
*kʷalnamnou
|
*kʷalnamnoi
|
| vocative
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*kʷalnamne
|
*kʷalnamnou
|
*kʷalnamnoi
|
| accusative
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*kʷalnamnom
|
*kʷalnamnou
|
*kʷalnamnons
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| genitive
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*kʷalnamnī
|
*kʷalnamnous
|
*kʷalnamnom
|
| dative
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*kʷalnamnūi
|
*kʷalnamnobom
|
*kʷalnamnobos
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| instrumental
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*kʷalnamnū
|
*kʷalnamnobim
|
*kʷalnamnobis
|
| feminine
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singular
|
dual
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plural
|
| nominative
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*kʷalnamnā
|
*kʷalnamnai
|
*kʷalnamnās
|
| vocative
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*kʷalnamnā
|
*kʷalnamnai
|
*kʷalnamnās
|
| accusative
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*kʷalnamnam
|
*kʷalnamnai
|
*kʷalnamnans
|
| genitive
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*kʷalnamnās
|
*kʷalnamnous
|
*kʷalnamnom
|
| dative
|
*kʷalnamnai
|
*kʷalnamnābom
|
*kʷalnamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kʷalnamnābim
|
*kʷalnamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
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*kʷalnamnom
|
*kʷalnamnou
|
*kʷalnamnā
|
| vocative
|
*kʷalnamnom
|
*kʷalnamnou
|
*kʷalnamnā
|
| accusative
|
*kʷalnamnom
|
*kʷalnamnou
|
*kʷalnamnā
|
| genitive
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*kʷalnamnī
|
*kʷalnamnous
|
*kʷalnamnom
|
| dative
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*kʷalnamnūi
|
*kʷalnamnobom
|
*kʷalnamnobos
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| instrumental
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*kʷalnamnū
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*kʷalnamnobim
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*kʷalnamnobis
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Derived terms
- *ambi-kʷalnati
- Old Irish: imm·cella (“to surround”)
- *to-ambi-kʷalnati
- Old Irish: do·immchella (“to go around”)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Welsh: pallu (“to fail, cease, perish; refuse, deny”)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 174