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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (“to swing”), often compared to Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “to shake”).[1]
Verb
*kerdeti
- to put
- to move
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kerdū
|
*kerdemam
|
*kikritsū
|
*karda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kerdesi
|
*kerdetās
|
*kikritsesi
|
*kardas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kerdeti
|
*kerdeto
|
*kikritseti
|
*karde
|
| 1st plural
|
*kerdomosi
|
*kerdemo
|
*kikritsomosi
|
*kardmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kerdetesi
|
*kerdestē
|
*kikritsetesi
|
*karsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kerdonti
|
*kerdento
|
*kikritsonti
|
*kardars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kertsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kertsesi
|
?
|
*kerde
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kertseti
|
?
|
*kerdetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*kertsomosi
|
?
|
*kerdomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kertsetesi
|
?
|
*kerdete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kertsonti
|
?
|
*kerdontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kerdūr
|
—
|
*kikritsūr
|
*kardra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kerdetar
|
—
|
*kikritsetar
|
*kardras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kerdetor
|
?
|
*kikritsetor
|
*kardre
|
| 1st plural
|
*kerdommor
|
—
|
*kikritsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kerdedwe
|
—
|
*kikritsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kerdontor
|
?
|
*kikritsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kertsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kertsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kertsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kertsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kertsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kertsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kerdonts
|
*kerdonte
|
*kerdontes
|
| vocative
|
*kerdonts
|
*kerdonte
|
*kerdontes
|
| accusative
|
*kerdontam
|
*kerdonte
|
*kerdontans
|
| genitive
|
*kerdantos
|
*?
|
*kerdantom
|
| dative
|
*kerdantei
|
*kerdantbom
|
*kerdantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kerdantī?
|
*kerdantbim
|
*kerdantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kerdantī
|
*kerdantī
|
*kerdantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kerdantī
|
*kerdantī
|
*kerdantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kerdantīm
|
*kerdantī
|
*kerdantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kerdantyās
|
*?
|
*kerdantyom
|
| dative
|
*kerdantyāi
|
*kerdantyābom
|
*kerdantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kerdantyābim
|
*kerdantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kerdont
|
*?
|
*kerdonta
|
| vocative
|
*kerdont
|
*?
|
*kerdonta
|
| accusative
|
*kerdont
|
*?
|
*kerdonta
|
| genitive
|
*kerdantos
|
*?
|
*kerdantom
|
| dative
|
*kerdantei
|
*?
|
*kerdantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kerdantī?
|
*?
|
*kerdantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kerdomnos
|
*kerdomnou
|
*kerdomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kerdomne
|
*kerdomnou
|
*kerdomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kerdomnom
|
*kerdomnou
|
*kerdomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kerdomnī
|
*kerdomnous
|
*kerdomnom
|
| dative
|
*kerdomnūi
|
*kerdomnobom
|
*kerdomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kerdomnū
|
*kerdomnobim
|
*kerdomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kerdomnā
|
*kerdomnai
|
*kerdomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kerdomnā
|
*kerdomnai
|
*kerdomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kerdomnam
|
*kerdomnai
|
*kerdomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kerdomnās
|
*kerdomnous
|
*kerdomnom
|
| dative
|
*kerdomnai
|
*kerdomnābom
|
*kerdomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kerdomnābim
|
*kerdomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kerdomnom
|
*kerdomnou
|
*kerdomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kerdomnom
|
*kerdomnou
|
*kerdomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kerdomnom
|
*kerdomnou
|
*kerdomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kerdomnī
|
*kerdomnous
|
*kerdomnom
|
| dative
|
*kerdomnūi
|
*kerdomnobom
|
*kerdomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kerdomnū
|
*kerdomnobim
|
*kerdomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krissos
|
*krissou
|
*krissoi
|
| vocative
|
*krisse
|
*krissou
|
*krissoi
|
| accusative
|
*krissom
|
*krissou
|
*krissons
|
| genitive
|
*krissī
|
*krissous
|
*krissom
|
| dative
|
*krissūi
|
*krissobom
|
*krissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*krissū
|
*krissobim
|
*krissobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krissā
|
*krissai
|
*krissās
|
| vocative
|
*krissā
|
*krissai
|
*krissās
|
| accusative
|
*krissam
|
*krissai
|
*krissans
|
| genitive
|
*krissās
|
*krissous
|
*krissom
|
| dative
|
*krissai
|
*krissābom
|
*krissābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*krissābim
|
*krissābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*krissom
|
*krissou
|
*krissā
|
| vocative
|
*krissom
|
*krissou
|
*krissā
|
| accusative
|
*krissom
|
*krissou
|
*krissā
|
| genitive
|
*krissī
|
*krissous
|
*krissom
|
| dative
|
*krissūi
|
*krissobom
|
*krissobos
|
| instrumental
|
*krissū
|
*krissobim
|
*krissobis
|
The future stem was remodelled in Old Irish from *kikrits- to *kikerts- based on the subjunctive stem *kerts-.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *kɨrðɨd (absolute), *kerð (conjunct)
- Middle Breton: querzet
- Cornish: kerdhes
- Middle Welsh: kerddet
References