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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to fall”).[1]
Verb
*kiyeti[2]
- to fall
Inflection
The future and subjunctive stems are analogical after verbs that were formed from laryngeal-final roots in the shape *CeyH-.
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kiyū
|
*kiyemam
|
*kikīsū
|
*kika
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kiyesi
|
*kiyetās
|
*kikīsesi
|
*kikas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kiyeti
|
*kiyeto
|
*kikīseti
|
*kike
|
| 1st plural
|
*kiyomosi
|
*kiyemo
|
*kikīsomosi
|
*kikmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kiyetesi
|
*kiyestē
|
*kikīsetesi
|
*kixte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kiyonti
|
*kiyento
|
*kikīsonti
|
*kikars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*keyasū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*keyasesi
|
?
|
*kiye
|
| 3rd singular
|
*keyaseti
|
?
|
*kiyetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*keyasomosi
|
?
|
*kiyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*keyasetesi
|
?
|
*kiyete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*keyasonti
|
?
|
*kiyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kiyūr
|
—
|
*kikīsūr
|
*kikra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kiyetar
|
—
|
*kikīsetar
|
*kikras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kiyetor
|
?
|
*kikīsetor
|
*kikre
|
| 1st plural
|
*kiyommor
|
—
|
*kikīsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kiyedwe
|
—
|
*kikīsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kiyontor
|
?
|
*kikīsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*keyasūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*keyasetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*keyasetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*keyasommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*keyasedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*keyasontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyonts
|
*kiyonte
|
*kiyontes
|
| vocative
|
*kiyonts
|
*kiyonte
|
*kiyontes
|
| accusative
|
*kiyontam
|
*kiyonte
|
*kiyontans
|
| genitive
|
*kiyantos
|
*?
|
*kiyantom
|
| dative
|
*kiyantei
|
*kiyantbom
|
*kiyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyantī?
|
*kiyantbim
|
*kiyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kiyantīm
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kiyantyās
|
*?
|
*kiyantyom
|
| dative
|
*kiyantyāi
|
*kiyantyābom
|
*kiyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kiyantyābim
|
*kiyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyont
|
*?
|
*kiyonta
|
| vocative
|
*kiyont
|
*?
|
*kiyonta
|
| accusative
|
*kiyont
|
*?
|
*kiyonta
|
| genitive
|
*kiyantos
|
*?
|
*kiyantom
|
| dative
|
*kiyantei
|
*?
|
*kiyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyantī?
|
*?
|
*kiyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyomnos
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kiyomne
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kiyomnī
|
*kiyomnous
|
*kiyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kiyomnūi
|
*kiyomnobom
|
*kiyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyomnū
|
*kiyomnobim
|
*kiyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyomnā
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kiyomnā
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kiyomnam
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kiyomnās
|
*kiyomnous
|
*kiyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnābom
|
*kiyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kiyomnābim
|
*kiyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kiyomnī
|
*kiyomnous
|
*kiyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kiyomnūi
|
*kiyomnobom
|
*kiyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyomnū
|
*kiyomnobim
|
*kiyomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kitos
|
*kitou
|
*kitoi
|
| vocative
|
*kite
|
*kitou
|
*kitoi
|
| accusative
|
*kitom
|
*kitou
|
*kitons
|
| genitive
|
*kitī
|
*kitous
|
*kitom
|
| dative
|
*kitūi
|
*kitobom
|
*kitobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kitū
|
*kitobim
|
*kitobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kitā
|
*kitai
|
*kitās
|
| vocative
|
*kitā
|
*kitai
|
*kitās
|
| accusative
|
*kitam
|
*kitai
|
*kitans
|
| genitive
|
*kitās
|
*kitous
|
*kitom
|
| dative
|
*kitai
|
*kitābom
|
*kitābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kitābim
|
*kitābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kitom
|
*kitou
|
*kitā
|
| vocative
|
*kitom
|
*kitou
|
*kitā
|
| accusative
|
*kitom
|
*kitou
|
*kitā
|
| genitive
|
*kitī
|
*kitous
|
*kitom
|
| dative
|
*kitūi
|
*kitobom
|
*kitobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kitū
|
*kitobim
|
*kitobis
|
Derived terms
- *to-kiyeti
- Middle Welsh: dychiawr (3sg), dychiorant (3pl)
- *kei-d-eti (dental extension with full root grade)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Breton: coezaff
- Middle Cornish: koedha
- Middle Welsh: kwydaw, kwytaw
- *dī-keideti
- *to-keideti
- Middle Cornish: degoth (3sg pres.)
- Middle Welsh: dygwydaw
- *uɸo-keideti
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: (converted to deponent)
- Middle Welsh: ciawr, cior (3sg present)
- Old Irish: ciid (“to cry”)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ki-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 404-410