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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From *kubros (“desiring”) + *-āti (deadjectival verb suffix).
Verb
*kubrāti
- to desire
Inflection
| Ā-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kubrāmi
|
*kubrāmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kubrāsi
|
*kubrātās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kubrāti
|
*kubrāto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kubrāmosi
|
*kubrāmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kubrātesi
|
*kubrāstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kubrānti
|
*kubrānto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kubrā
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*kubrātou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kubrāmos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kubrāte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*kubrāntou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kubrār
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kubrātar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kubrātor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kubrāmmor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kubrādwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kubrāntor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubrants
|
*kubrante
|
*kubrantes
|
| vocative
|
*kubrants
|
*kubrante
|
*kubrantes
|
| accusative
|
*kubrantam
|
*kubrante
|
*kubrantans
|
| genitive
|
*kubrantos
|
*?
|
*kubrantom
|
| dative
|
*kubrantei
|
*kubrantbom
|
*kubrantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kubrantī?
|
*kubrantbim
|
*kubrantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubrantī
|
*kubrantī
|
*kubrantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kubrantī
|
*kubrantī
|
*kubrantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kubrantīm
|
*kubrantī
|
*kubrantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kubrantyās
|
*?
|
*kubrantyom
|
| dative
|
*kubrantyāi
|
*kubrantyābom
|
*kubrantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kubrantyābim
|
*kubrantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubrant
|
*?
|
*kubranta
|
| vocative
|
*kubrant
|
*?
|
*kubranta
|
| accusative
|
*kubrant
|
*?
|
*kubranta
|
| genitive
|
*kubrantos
|
*?
|
*kubrantom
|
| dative
|
*kubrantei
|
*?
|
*kubrantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kubrantī?
|
*?
|
*kubrantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubramnos
|
*kubramnou
|
*kubramnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kubramne
|
*kubramnou
|
*kubramnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kubramnom
|
*kubramnou
|
*kubramnons
|
| genitive
|
*kubramnī
|
*kubramnous
|
*kubramnom
|
| dative
|
*kubramnūi
|
*kubramnobom
|
*kubramnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kubramnū
|
*kubramnobim
|
*kubramnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubramnā
|
*kubramnai
|
*kubramnās
|
| vocative
|
*kubramnā
|
*kubramnai
|
*kubramnās
|
| accusative
|
*kubramnam
|
*kubramnai
|
*kubramnans
|
| genitive
|
*kubramnās
|
*kubramnous
|
*kubramnom
|
| dative
|
*kubramnai
|
*kubramnābom
|
*kubramnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kubramnābim
|
*kubramnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubramnom
|
*kubramnou
|
*kubramnā
|
| vocative
|
*kubramnom
|
*kubramnou
|
*kubramnā
|
| accusative
|
*kubramnom
|
*kubramnou
|
*kubramnā
|
| genitive
|
*kubramnī
|
*kubramnous
|
*kubramnom
|
| dative
|
*kubramnūi
|
*kubramnobom
|
*kubramnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kubramnū
|
*kubramnobim
|
*kubramnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubrātos
|
*kubrātou
|
*kubrātoi
|
| vocative
|
*kubrāte
|
*kubrātou
|
*kubrātoi
|
| accusative
|
*kubrātom
|
*kubrātou
|
*kubrātons
|
| genitive
|
*kubrātī
|
*kubrātous
|
*kubrātom
|
| dative
|
*kubrātūi
|
*kubrātobom
|
*kubrātobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kubrātū
|
*kubrātobim
|
*kubrātobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubrātā
|
*kubrātai
|
*kubrātās
|
| vocative
|
*kubrātā
|
*kubrātai
|
*kubrātās
|
| accusative
|
*kubrātam
|
*kubrātai
|
*kubrātans
|
| genitive
|
*kubrātās
|
*kubrātous
|
*kubrātom
|
| dative
|
*kubrātai
|
*kubrātābom
|
*kubrātābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kubrātābim
|
*kubrātābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kubrātom
|
*kubrātou
|
*kubrātā
|
| vocative
|
*kubrātom
|
*kubrātou
|
*kubrātā
|
| accusative
|
*kubrātom
|
*kubrātou
|
*kubrātā
|
| genitive
|
*kubrātī
|
*kubrātous
|
*kubrātom
|
| dative
|
*kubrātūi
|
*kubrātobom
|
*kubrātobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kubrātū
|
*kubrātobim
|
*kubrātobis
|
Descendants
- ⇒ Old Irish: ad·cobra
- Gaulish: *cobrandī (pres. part. f.)
- → Latin: Cobrandiae (gen. sg.; epithet of a goddess)
- Celtiberian: couratom (past part.)[1]
References
- ^ Prósper, Blanca María (2025) “Some Linguistic Considerations on a New Celtiberian Bronze”, in Voprosy
onomastiki, volume 22, number 1, pages 104–122