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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”). Cognate to Sanskrit स्कन्द् (skand, “to leap, jump”) and Latin scandō (“to climb, mount”).[1]
Verb
*skanndeti[2]
- to spring
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skanndū
|
*skanndemam
|
*siskantsū
|
*seskonda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skanndesi
|
*skanndetās
|
*siskantsesi
|
*seskondas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skanndeti
|
*skanndeto
|
*siskantseti
|
*seskonde
|
| 1st plural
|
*skanndomosi
|
*skanndemo
|
*siskantsomosi
|
*seskondmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skanndetesi
|
*skanndestē
|
*siskantsetesi
|
*seskonsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skanndonti
|
*skanndento
|
*siskantsonti
|
*seskondars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*skentsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skentsesi
|
?
|
*skannde
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skentseti
|
?
|
*skanndetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*skentsomosi
|
?
|
*skanndomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skentsetesi
|
?
|
*skanndete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skentsonti
|
?
|
*skanndontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skanndūr
|
—
|
*siskantsūr
|
*seskondra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skanndetar
|
—
|
*siskantsetar
|
*seskondras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skanndetor
|
?
|
*siskantsetor
|
*seskondre
|
| 1st plural
|
*skanndommor
|
—
|
*siskantsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skanndedwe
|
—
|
*siskantsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skanndontor
|
?
|
*siskantsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*skentsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skentsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skentsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*skentsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skentsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skentsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skanndonts
|
*skanndonte
|
*skanndontes
|
| vocative
|
*skanndonts
|
*skanndonte
|
*skanndontes
|
| accusative
|
*skanndontam
|
*skanndonte
|
*skanndontans
|
| genitive
|
*skanndantos
|
*?
|
*skanndantom
|
| dative
|
*skanndantei
|
*skanndantbom
|
*skanndantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skanndantī?
|
*skanndantbim
|
*skanndantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skanndantī
|
*skanndantī
|
*skanndantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*skanndantī
|
*skanndantī
|
*skanndantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*skanndantīm
|
*skanndantī
|
*skanndantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*skanndantyās
|
*?
|
*skanndantyom
|
| dative
|
*skanndantyāi
|
*skanndantyābom
|
*skanndantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skanndantyābim
|
*skanndantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skanndont
|
*?
|
*skanndonta
|
| vocative
|
*skanndont
|
*?
|
*skanndonta
|
| accusative
|
*skanndont
|
*?
|
*skanndonta
|
| genitive
|
*skanndantos
|
*?
|
*skanndantom
|
| dative
|
*skanndantei
|
*?
|
*skanndantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skanndantī?
|
*?
|
*skanndantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skanndomnos
|
*skanndomnou
|
*skanndomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*skanndomne
|
*skanndomnou
|
*skanndomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*skanndomnom
|
*skanndomnou
|
*skanndomnons
|
| genitive
|
*skanndomnī
|
*skanndomnous
|
*skanndomnom
|
| dative
|
*skanndomnūi
|
*skanndomnobom
|
*skanndomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skanndomnū
|
*skanndomnobim
|
*skanndomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skanndomnā
|
*skanndomnai
|
*skanndomnās
|
| vocative
|
*skanndomnā
|
*skanndomnai
|
*skanndomnās
|
| accusative
|
*skanndomnam
|
*skanndomnai
|
*skanndomnans
|
| genitive
|
*skanndomnās
|
*skanndomnous
|
*skanndomnom
|
| dative
|
*skanndomnai
|
*skanndomnābom
|
*skanndomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skanndomnābim
|
*skanndomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skanndomnom
|
*skanndomnou
|
*skanndomnā
|
| vocative
|
*skanndomnom
|
*skanndomnou
|
*skanndomnā
|
| accusative
|
*skanndomnom
|
*skanndomnou
|
*skanndomnā
|
| genitive
|
*skanndomnī
|
*skanndomnous
|
*skanndomnom
|
| dative
|
*skanndomnūi
|
*skanndomnobom
|
*skanndomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skanndomnū
|
*skanndomnobim
|
*skanndomnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skansos
|
*skansou
|
*skansoi
|
| vocative
|
*skanse
|
*skansou
|
*skansoi
|
| accusative
|
*skansom
|
*skansou
|
*skansons
|
| genitive
|
*skansī
|
*skansous
|
*skansom
|
| dative
|
*skansūi
|
*skansobom
|
*skansobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skansū
|
*skansobim
|
*skansobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skansā
|
*skansai
|
*skansās
|
| vocative
|
*skansā
|
*skansai
|
*skansās
|
| accusative
|
*skansam
|
*skansai
|
*skansans
|
| genitive
|
*skansās
|
*skansous
|
*skansom
|
| dative
|
*skansai
|
*skansābom
|
*skansābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skansābim
|
*skansābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skansom
|
*skansou
|
*skansā
|
| vocative
|
*skansom
|
*skansou
|
*skansā
|
| accusative
|
*skansom
|
*skansou
|
*skansā
|
| genitive
|
*skansī
|
*skansous
|
*skansom
|
| dative
|
*skansūi
|
*skansobom
|
*skansobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skansū
|
*skansobim
|
*skansobis
|
- *exs-skend-om
- *kom-skend-om
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Old Irish: sceindid
- Middle Irish: sceinnid
- Irish: scinn
- Scottish Gaelic: sginn
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skan-n-do-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 339-340
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 574-575