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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *skek-, whence also Proto-Germanic *skehaną and Proto-Slavic *skočiti.[1]
Verb
*skokīti
- to move, stir
Inflection
There were two related verbs, a weak verb *skokīti and a strong verb *skeketi.[2] In Old Irish, the present stem of the strong verb fell out of use but the rest of the paradigm, like the subjunctive and preterite, remained.
| Ī-present
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skokeyū
|
*skokīmam
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skokīsi
|
*skokītās
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skokīti
|
*skokīto
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*skokeyomosi
|
*skokīmo
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skokītesi
|
*skokīstē
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skokeyonti
|
*skokīnto
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*skokī
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
?
|
*skokītou
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
?
|
*skokeyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*skokīte
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
?
|
*skokeyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skokeyūr
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skokītar
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skokītor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*skokeyommor
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skokīdwe
|
—
|
?
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skokeyontor
|
?
|
?
|
—
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
?
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skokeyonts
|
*skokeyonte
|
*skokeyontes
|
| vocative
|
*skokeyonts
|
*skokeyonte
|
*skokeyontes
|
| accusative
|
*skokeyontam
|
*skokeyonte
|
*skokeyontans
|
| genitive
|
*skokeyantos
|
*?
|
*skokeyantom
|
| dative
|
*skokeyantei
|
*skokeyantbom
|
*skokeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skokeyantī?
|
*skokeyantbim
|
*skokeyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skokeyantī
|
*skokeyantī
|
*skokeyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*skokeyantī
|
*skokeyantī
|
*skokeyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*skokeyantīm
|
*skokeyantī
|
*skokeyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*skokeyantyās
|
*?
|
*skokeyantyom
|
| dative
|
*skokeyantyāi
|
*skokeyantyābom
|
*skokeyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skokeyantyābim
|
*skokeyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skokeyont
|
*?
|
*skokeyonta
|
| vocative
|
*skokeyont
|
*?
|
*skokeyonta
|
| accusative
|
*skokeyont
|
*?
|
*skokeyonta
|
| genitive
|
*skokeyantos
|
*?
|
*skokeyantom
|
| dative
|
*skokeyantei
|
*?
|
*skokeyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skokeyantī?
|
*?
|
*skokeyantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skokeyomnos
|
*skokeyomnou
|
*skokeyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*skokeyomne
|
*skokeyomnou
|
*skokeyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*skokeyomnom
|
*skokeyomnou
|
*skokeyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*skokeyomnī
|
*skokeyomnous
|
*skokeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*skokeyomnūi
|
*skokeyomnobom
|
*skokeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skokeyomnū
|
*skokeyomnobim
|
*skokeyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skokeyomnā
|
*skokeyomnai
|
*skokeyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*skokeyomnā
|
*skokeyomnai
|
*skokeyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*skokeyomnam
|
*skokeyomnai
|
*skokeyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*skokeyomnās
|
*skokeyomnous
|
*skokeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*skokeyomnai
|
*skokeyomnābom
|
*skokeyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skokeyomnābim
|
*skokeyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skokeyomnom
|
*skokeyomnou
|
*skokeyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*skokeyomnom
|
*skokeyomnou
|
*skokeyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*skokeyomnom
|
*skokeyomnou
|
*skokeyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*skokeyomnī
|
*skokeyomnous
|
*skokeyomnom
|
| dative
|
*skokeyomnūi
|
*skokeyomnobom
|
*skokeyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skokeyomnū
|
*skokeyomnobim
|
*skokeyomnobis
|
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skekū
|
*skekemam
|
?
|
*skāka
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skekesi
|
*skeketās
|
?
|
*skākas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skeketi
|
*skeketo
|
?
|
*skāke
|
| 1st plural
|
*skekomosi
|
*skekemo
|
?
|
*skākmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skeketesi
|
*skekestē
|
?
|
*skāxte
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skekonti
|
*skekento
|
?
|
*skākars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*skexsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skexsesi
|
?
|
*skeke
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skexseti
|
?
|
*skeketou
|
| 1st plural
|
*skexsomosi
|
?
|
*skekomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skexsetesi
|
?
|
*skekete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skexsonti
|
?
|
*skekontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*skekūr
|
—
|
?
|
*skākra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skeketar
|
—
|
?
|
*skākras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skeketor
|
?
|
?
|
*skākre
|
| 1st plural
|
*skekommor
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skekedwe
|
—
|
?
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skekontor
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*skexsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*skexsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*skexsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*skexsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*skexsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*skexsontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skekonts
|
*skekonte
|
*skekontes
|
| vocative
|
*skekonts
|
*skekonte
|
*skekontes
|
| accusative
|
*skekontam
|
*skekonte
|
*skekontans
|
| genitive
|
*skekantos
|
*?
|
*skekantom
|
| dative
|
*skekantei
|
*skekantbom
|
*skekantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skekantī?
|
*skekantbim
|
*skekantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skekantī
|
*skekantī
|
*skekantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*skekantī
|
*skekantī
|
*skekantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*skekantīm
|
*skekantī
|
*skekantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*skekantyās
|
*?
|
*skekantyom
|
| dative
|
*skekantyāi
|
*skekantyābom
|
*skekantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skekantyābim
|
*skekantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skekont
|
*?
|
*skekonta
|
| vocative
|
*skekont
|
*?
|
*skekonta
|
| accusative
|
*skekont
|
*?
|
*skekonta
|
| genitive
|
*skekantos
|
*?
|
*skekantom
|
| dative
|
*skekantei
|
*?
|
*skekantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*skekantī?
|
*?
|
*skekantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skekomnos
|
*skekomnou
|
*skekomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*skekomne
|
*skekomnou
|
*skekomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*skekomnom
|
*skekomnou
|
*skekomnons
|
| genitive
|
*skekomnī
|
*skekomnous
|
*skekomnom
|
| dative
|
*skekomnūi
|
*skekomnobom
|
*skekomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skekomnū
|
*skekomnobim
|
*skekomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skekomnā
|
*skekomnai
|
*skekomnās
|
| vocative
|
*skekomnā
|
*skekomnai
|
*skekomnās
|
| accusative
|
*skekomnam
|
*skekomnai
|
*skekomnans
|
| genitive
|
*skekomnās
|
*skekomnous
|
*skekomnom
|
| dative
|
*skekomnai
|
*skekomnābom
|
*skekomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*skekomnābim
|
*skekomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*skekomnom
|
*skekomnou
|
*skekomnā
|
| vocative
|
*skekomnom
|
*skekomnou
|
*skekomnā
|
| accusative
|
*skekomnom
|
*skekomnou
|
*skekomnā
|
| genitive
|
*skekomnī
|
*skekomnous
|
*skekomnom
|
| dative
|
*skekomnūi
|
*skekomnobom
|
*skekomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*skekomnū
|
*skekomnobim
|
*skekomnobis
|
Derived terms
- *dī-skokīti
- *kom-uss-skokīti
- *to-ɸro-uss-skokīti
- *skeketi
- Old Irish: ro·scáich (3sg perfect), ·roisc (3sg subjunctive)
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *skogid
- Middle Irish: scuichid
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*skek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 341
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 380