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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From a nasal present to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).[1]
Verb
*swannati
- to produce sound
Inflection
| Nasal-infix athematic present with stem ablaut to an h₂-final root, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*swannāmi
|
*swannamam
|
*siswansū
|
*seswona
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swannāsi
|
*swannatās
|
*siswansesi
|
*seswonas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swannāti
|
*swannato
|
*siswanseti
|
*seswone
|
| 1st plural
|
*swannamosi
|
*swannamo
|
*siswansomosi
|
*seswonmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swannatesi
|
*swannastē
|
*siswansetesi
|
*seswone
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swannanti
|
*swannanto
|
*siswansonti
|
*seswonars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*swenū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swenesi
|
?
|
*swannā
|
| 3rd singular
|
*sweneti
|
?
|
*swannātou
|
| 1st plural
|
*swenomosi
|
?
|
*swannamos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swenetesi
|
?
|
*swannate
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swenonti
|
?
|
*swannantou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*swannār
|
—
|
*siswansūr
|
*seswonra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swannātar
|
—
|
*siswansetar
|
*seswonras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swannātor
|
?
|
*siswansetor
|
*seswonre
|
| 1st plural
|
*swannammor
|
—
|
*siswansommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swannadwe
|
—
|
*siswansedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swannantor
|
?
|
*siswansontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*swenūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*swenetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*swenetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*swenommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*swenedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*swenontor
|
—
|
—
|
| Declension of the present participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swannonts
|
*swannonte
|
*swannontes
|
| vocative
|
*swannonts
|
*swannonte
|
*swannontes
|
| accusative
|
*swannontam
|
*swannonte
|
*swannontans
|
| genitive
|
*swannantos
|
*?
|
*swannantom
|
| dative
|
*swannantei
|
*swannantbom
|
*swannantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*swannantī?
|
*swannantbim
|
*swannantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swannantī
|
*swannantī
|
*swannantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*swannantī
|
*swannantī
|
*swannantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*swannantīm
|
*swannantī
|
*swannantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*swannantyās
|
*?
|
*swannantyom
|
| dative
|
*swannantyāi
|
*swannantyābom
|
*swannantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swannantyābim
|
*swannantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swannont
|
*?
|
*swannonta
|
| vocative
|
*swannont
|
*?
|
*swannonta
|
| accusative
|
*swannont
|
*?
|
*swannonta
|
| genitive
|
*swannantos
|
*?
|
*swannantom
|
| dative
|
*swannantei
|
*?
|
*swannantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*swannantī?
|
*?
|
*swannantbis
|
| Declension of the middle participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swannamnos
|
*swannamnou
|
*swannamnoi
|
| vocative
|
*swannamne
|
*swannamnou
|
*swannamnoi
|
| accusative
|
*swannamnom
|
*swannamnou
|
*swannamnons
|
| genitive
|
*swannamnī
|
*swannamnous
|
*swannamnom
|
| dative
|
*swannamnūi
|
*swannamnobom
|
*swannamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swannamnū
|
*swannamnobim
|
*swannamnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swannamnā
|
*swannamnai
|
*swannamnās
|
| vocative
|
*swannamnā
|
*swannamnai
|
*swannamnās
|
| accusative
|
*swannamnam
|
*swannamnai
|
*swannamnans
|
| genitive
|
*swannamnās
|
*swannamnous
|
*swannamnom
|
| dative
|
*swannamnai
|
*swannamnābom
|
*swannamnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swannamnābim
|
*swannamnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swannamnom
|
*swannamnou
|
*swannamnā
|
| vocative
|
*swannamnom
|
*swannamnou
|
*swannamnā
|
| accusative
|
*swannamnom
|
*swannamnou
|
*swannamnā
|
| genitive
|
*swannamnī
|
*swannamnous
|
*swannamnom
|
| dative
|
*swannamnūi
|
*swannamnobom
|
*swannamnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swannamnū
|
*swannamnobim
|
*swannamnobis
|
| Declension of the past participle
|
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swantos
|
*swantou
|
*swantoi
|
| vocative
|
*swante
|
*swantou
|
*swantoi
|
| accusative
|
*swantom
|
*swantou
|
*swantons
|
| genitive
|
*swantī
|
*swantous
|
*swantom
|
| dative
|
*swantūi
|
*swantobom
|
*swantobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swantū
|
*swantobim
|
*swantobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swantā
|
*swantai
|
*swantās
|
| vocative
|
*swantā
|
*swantai
|
*swantās
|
| accusative
|
*swantam
|
*swantai
|
*swantans
|
| genitive
|
*swantās
|
*swantous
|
*swantom
|
| dative
|
*swantai
|
*swantābom
|
*swantābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*swantābim
|
*swantābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*swantom
|
*swantou
|
*swantā
|
| vocative
|
*swantom
|
*swantou
|
*swantā
|
| accusative
|
*swantom
|
*swantou
|
*swantā
|
| genitive
|
*swantī
|
*swantous
|
*swantom
|
| dative
|
*swantūi
|
*swantobom
|
*swantobos
|
| instrumental
|
*swantū
|
*swantobim
|
*swantobis
|
Reconstruction notes
- A neo-root *swenn- was spawned off this verb by Insular Celtic, from which *swannati was itself reformed to a simple thematic verb *swenneti and the o-grade derivative in Welsh honni was derived.[2]
- This verb contaminated most reflexes of unrelated but similarly-shaped *sannati (“to reach”) in Irish.
Derived terms
- *swonnīti (o-grade iterative)[3]
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Welsh: honni
- Welsh: honni (“to claim, assert”)
Descendants
- Old Irish: seinnid (“to play a musical instrument”)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swan-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360–361
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 607-608
- ^ Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe[1], volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 20